英语语法：从句基础

从句……们Evelyn.W01名词性从句名词性从句分类•主语从句•表语从句•宾语从句主语从句•Thatsomanypeoplelosetheirjobisunfair.•Thatshesaidnothingaboutitisunbelievable.•Thathiswordspleasedherisclear.形式主语为了避免头重脚轻，that引导的主从句可以改写为“itis……”的形式•Thatsomanypeoplelosetheirjobisunfair.Itisunfairthatsomanypeoplelosetheirjob.•Thatshesaidnothingaboutitisunbelievable.Itisunbelievablethatthatshesaidnothingaboutit.•Thathiswordspleasedherisclear.Itisclearthathiswordspleasedher.练习1----改为“itis……”的形式•Thatweshouldbelateiscertain.•Thathedidn’tcomeisapity•Thatheisstillaliveisawonder.练习1----改为“itis……”的形式•Thatweshouldbelateiscertain.•Thathedidn’tcomeisapity•Thatheisstillaliveisawonder.•答案：•Itiscertainthatweshouldbelate.练习1----改为“itis……”的形式•Thatweshouldbelateiscertain.•Thathedidn’tcomeisapity.•Thatheisstillaliveisawonder.•答案：•Itiscertainthatweshouldbelate.•Itisapitythathedidn’tcome.练习1----改为“itis……”的形式•Thatweshouldbelateiscertain.•Thathedidn’tcomeisapity.•Thatheisstillaliveisawonder.•答案：•Itiscertainthatweshouldbelate.•Itisapitythathedidn’tcome.•Itisawonderthatheisstillalive.表语从句•Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.•That’swhyhewaslate.•Heisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.•Theproblemiswhenthegamebegan.宾语从句宾语位置是从句主语+谓语+宾语从句：•Webelievethatheishonest.•Idon’tknowwhetherhe’llarriveintime.•Pleasetellmewhichyoulike.•Heaskedwhyhehadtogoalone.•Shehasgotwhatshewanted.宾语从句的语序及意义•无论由哪种引导词引导，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，且引导词位于从句句首。•What'sKate'se-mailaddress?Doyouknow?DoyouknowwhatKate'se-mailaddressis?你知道凯特的电子邮件地址吗?练习--Idon'tknowduringthesummervacation.Anyadvice?--Howaboutdoingsomepart-timejobs?A.WhatshouldIdoB.WhereshouldIgoC.WhatIshoulddoD.WhereIshouldgoDoyouknow?Letmesee.IrememberitwasonMarch18th.A.whydidtheymoveB.whytheymovedhereC.whendidtheymovehereD.whentheymovedhere练习--Idon'tknowduringthesummervacation.Anyadvice?--Howaboutdoingsomepart-timejobs?A.WhatshouldIdoB.WhereshouldIgoC.WhatIshoulddoD.WhereIshouldgo答案:CDoyouknow?Letmesee.IrememberitwasonMarch18th.A.whydidtheymoveB.whytheymovedhereC.whendidtheymovehereD.whentheymovedhere答案D宾语从句的时态①当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可用任何适当的时态。IamwritingtosaythatIamagainstbuildinganewzooInourtown.Irememberhegavemeabookyesterday.②当主句是过去时态时，宾语从句用相应的某种过去时态。Onedayhetoldhisteacherhewantedtoleavetheschool.HeaskedmeifIhadtakenhissoap.③如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。Hetoldmethattheearthisround.(真理)宾语从句的引导词•①从属连词that、whether、i引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作成分，that一般可以省略，也没有意义；whether和if意为“是否”，不能省略。•②连接代词what、who、whom、whose、which等及连接副词when、where、how、why等这些引导词除了在从句中起连接作用，还在宾语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定t语、状语等，不能省略.注意:引导词that用于下列情况时不可以省略(1)当宾语从句的主语是that时。如：Hesaysthatisausefulbook.(2)当从句前有插入语时。如Itsays,onthecard,thatitismadeinChina.(3)当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时。如:Ourteachersbelievethatifwedidthatwewouldconcentratemoreonourclothesthanourstudies.(4)当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时除第一个从句中的that可以省略外，其余从句中的that都不可以省略。如Hesaid(that)thefilmwasveryinterestingandthatheenjoyedseeingitverymuch.--Howbeautifulyourskirtis!Couldyoupleasetellme?--Thanks.IboughtitonTaobao.A.whereyouboughtitB.whenyouboughtitC.whyyouboughtit--Howbeautifulyourskirtis!Couldyoupleasetellme?--Thanks.IboughtitonTaobao.A.whereyouboughtitB.whenyouboughtitC.whyyouboughtit答案:A--Couldyoupleasetellme?•--Sorry,Idon'tknow.YoumayaskMr.Blackoverthere.•A.whodoestherobotbelongto•B.whotherobotbelongsto•C.whodidtherobotbelongto•D.whotherobotbelongedto--Couldyoupleasetellme?--Sorry,Idon'tknow.YoumayaskMr.Blackoverthere.A.whodoestherobotbelongtoB.whotherobotbelongstoC.whodidtherobotbelongtoD.whotherobotbelongedto答案:B--Couldyoutellmeyou'llgotoParis?--Nextninth.A.whyB.whereC.whenD.how--Couldyoutellmeyou'llgotoParis?--Nextninth.A.whyB.whereC.whenD.how答案:C否定转移把从句的否定词放在主句中了，但翻译不变。think、believe、suppose、expect、imagine等表示“认为”的动词，如果要否定其宾语从句，否定词not/never必须转移到主句，Eg:Idon'tthinkhewillcome.我认为他不会来。Idon'tthinkweneedwastemuchtimeonit.我想我们不必在这上面花太多时间。翻译句子我认为那不是真的。我想他不会来的。我想我不要再麻烦你了。翻译句子我认为那不是真的。我想他不会来的。我想我不要再麻烦你了。Idon'tsupposethatitistrue.翻译句子我认为那不是真的。我想他不会来的。我想我不要再麻烦你了。Idon'tsupposethatitistrue.Idon'timaginethathewillcome.翻译句子我认为那不是真的。我想他不会来的。我想我不要再麻烦你了。Idon'tsupposethatitistrue.Idon'timaginethathewillcome.Idon'tsupposeI'lltroubleyouagain.宾语从句的简化(1)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，agree等时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如:hopethatIcanreceiveyoure-mail.=Ihopetoreceiveyoure-mail.(2)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是know，remember，forget，learn等时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:Shedoesn’tknowwhatsheshoulddonext=Shedoesn'tknowwhattodonext(3)当主句的谓语动词是ask，tell，show，each等且宾语从句的主语和主句的间接宾语一致时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:WillyoupleaseshowmehowIcanworkitout?Willyoupleaseshowmehowtoworkitout?(4)宾语从句可以简化为名词或名词短语。如:Idon'tbelievewhatTomsaid.Idon'tbelieveTom'swords.我不相信汤姆所说的话。直接引语与间接引语1.直接引语的特点。被引用的话放在引号内被引用的话是原话，不作任何改动；2.间接引语的特点。在引述谓语和被引用的话语之间不用逗号、冒号、引号等有时态的变化；时态变化的情况直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时过去完成时如果主句为过去的某种时态则间接引语的时态应相应向前推时态，如表所示:02形容词性从句•一个句子跟在一个名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定（对词句进行补充、修饰、限定，进而使原句内容更完整），就叫做定语从句•定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。关系代词和关系副词的用法•关系代词(that，who，whom，which)当先行词表示人时,关系代词应用that、who或whom(作宾语)引导。当先行词表示物时,关系代词应用that或which引导。关系代词在从句中作宾语时常可省略,作主语时则不可省略。当先行词为everybody、anybody、everyone、anyone等,指人的关系代词用who而不用that。It‘st