逻辑哲学论-英文版

TractatusLogico-PhilosophicusbyLudwigWittgensteinPublished(1922)(Logisch-PhilosophischeAbhandlung(1921))Perhapsthisbookwillbeunderstoodonlybysomeonewhohashimselfalreadyhadthethoughtsthatareexpressedinit--oratleastsimilarthoughts.--Soitisnotatextbook.--Itspurposewouldbeachievedifitgavepleasuretoonepersonwhoreadandunderstoodit.Thebookdealswiththeproblemsofphilosophy,andshows,Ibelieve,thatthereasonwhytheseproblemsareposedisthatthelogicofourlanguageismisunderstood.Thewholesenseofthebookmightbesummedupthefollowingwords:whatcanbesaidatallcanbesaidclearly,andwhatwecannottalkaboutwemustpassoverinsilence.Thustheaimofthebookistodrawalimittothought,orrather--nottothought,buttotheexpressionofthoughts:forinordertobeabletodrawalimittothought,weshouldhavetofindbothsidesofthelimitthinkable(i.e.weshouldhavetobeabletothinkwhatcannotbethought).Itwillthereforeonlybeinlanguagethatthelimitcanbedrawn,andwhatliesontheothersideofthelimitwillsimplybenonsense.Idonotwishtojudgehowfarmyeffortscoincidewiththoseofotherphilosophers.Indeed,whatIhavewrittenheremakesnoclaimtonoveltyindetail,andthereasonwhyIgivenosourcesisthatitisamatterofindifferencetomewhetherthethoughtsthatIhavehadhavebeenanticipatedbysomeoneelse.IwillonlymentionthatIamindebtedtoFrege'sgreatworksandofthewritingsofmyfriendMrBertrandRussellformuchofthestimulationofmythoughts.Ifthisworkhasanyvalue,itconsistsintwothings:thefirstisthatthoughtsareexpressedinit,andonthisscorethebetterthethoughtsareexpressed--themorethenailhasbeenhitonthehead--thegreaterwillbeitsvalue.--HereIamconsciousofhavingfallenalongwayshortofwhatispossible.Simplybecausemypowersaretooslightfortheaccomplishmentofthetask.--Mayotherscomeanddoitbetter.Ontheotherhandthetruthofthethoughtsthatareherecommunicatedseemstomeunassailableanddefinitive.Ithereforebelievemyselftohavefound,onallessentialpoints,thefinalsolutionoftheproblems.AndifIamnotmistakeninthisbelief,thenthesecondthinginwhichtheofthisworkconsistsisthatitshowshowlittleisachievedwhentheseproblemaresolved.L.W.Vienna,19181Theworldisallthatisthecase.1.1Theworldisthetotalityoffacts,notofthings.1.11Theworldisdeterminedbythefacts,andbytheirbeingallthefacts.1.12Forthetotalityoffactsdetermineswhatisthecase,andalsowhateverisnotthecase.1.13Thefactsinlogicalspacearetheworld.1.2Theworlddividesintofacts.1.21Eachitemcanbethecaseornotthecasewhileeverythingelseremainsthesame.2Whatisthecase--afact--istheexistenceofstatesofaffairs.2.01Astateofaffairs(astateofthings)isacombinationofobjects(things).2.011Itisessentialtothingsthattheyshouldbepossibleconstituentsofstatesofaffairs.2.012Inlogicnothingisaccidental:ifathingcanoccurinastateofaffairs,thepossibilityofthestateofaffairsmustbewrittenintothethingitself.2.0121Itwouldseemtobeasortofaccident,ifitturnedoutthatasituationwouldfitathingthatcouldalreadyexistentirelyonitsown.Ifthingscanoccurinstatesofaffairs,thispossibilitymustbeinthemfromthebeginning.(Nothingintheprovinceoflogiccanbemerelypossible.Logicdealswitheverypossibilityandallpossibilitiesareitsfacts.)Justaswearequiteunabletoimaginespatialobjectsoutsidespaceortemporalobjectsoutsidetime,sotoothereisnoobjectthatwecanimagineexcludedfromthepossibilityofcombiningwithothers.IfIcanimagineobjectscombinedinstatesofaffairs,Icannotimaginethemexcludedfromthepossibilityofsuchcombinations.2.0122Thingsareindependentinsofarastheycanoccurinallpossiblesituations,butthisformofindependenceisaformofconnexionwithstatesofaffairs,aformofdependence.(Itisimpossibleforwordstoappearintwodifferentroles:bythemselves,andinpropositions.)2.0123IfIknowanobjectIalsoknowallitspossibleoccurrencesinstatesofaffairs.(Everyoneofthesepossibilitiesmustbepartofthenatureoftheobject.)Anewpossibilitycannotbediscoveredlater.2.01231IfIamtoknowanobject,thoughtIneednotknowitsexternalproperties,Imustknowallitsinternalproperties.2.0124Ifallobjectsaregiven,thenatthesametimeallpossiblestatesofaffairsarealsogiven.2.013Eachthingis,asitwere,inaspaceofpossiblestatesofaffairs.ThisspaceIcanimagineempty,butIcannotimaginethethingwithoutthespace.2.0131Aspatialobjectmustbesituatedininfinitespace.(Aspatialpointisanargument-place.)Aspeckinthevisualfield,thoughtitneednotbered,musthavesomecolour:itis,sotospeak,surroundedbycolour-space.Notesmusthavesomepitch,objectsofthesenseoftouchsomedegreeofhardness,andsoon.2.014Objectscontainthepossibilityofallsituations.2.0141Thepossibilityofitsoccurringinstatesofaffairsistheformofanobject.2.02Objectsaresimple.2.0201Everystatementaboutcomplexescanberesolvedintoastatementabouttheirconstituentsandintothepropositionsthatdescribethecomplexescompletely.2.021Objectsmakeupthesubstanceoftheworld.Thatiswhytheycannotbecomposite.2.0211Iftheyworldhadnosubstance,thenwhetherapropositionhadsensewoulddependonwhetheranotherpropositionwastrue.2.0212Inthatcasewecouldnotsketchanypictureoftheworld(trueorfalse).2.022Itisobviousthatanimaginedworld,howeverdifferenceitmaybefromtherealone,musthavesomething--aform--incommonwithit.2.023Objectsarejustwhatconstitutethisunalterableform.2.0231Thesubstanceoftheworldcanonlydetermineaform,