Unit-9-Preparing-for-a-Speech

2020/8/291Speechpreparation:GettingStarted2020/8/292Leadin•Preparingspeechesandoralpresentationsismucklikepreparinganyothermessage:youdefineyourpurpose,analyzeyouraudience,andplanhowtopresentyourpoints.However,becausespeechesandpresentationsaredeliveredorallyunderrelativelypubliccircumstances,theyrequireafewspecialcommunicationtechniques.Aspeechisone-shotevent–youraudiencecannotleafbackthroughpagestoreviewsomethingyousaidearlier.Forthisreason,youmustmakesureaudiencememberswillhearwhatyousayandrememberit.2020/8/293Inthisunitwearegoingtodiscuss3things•1.SelectingaTopicandPurpose•2.PhrasingtheCentralIdea•3.SupportingYourIdeas•4.ClassDiscussion2020/8/294I.SelectingaTopicandPurpose•Thefirststepinspeechmakingischoosingatopic.Fordoctorstudents,usuallythespeechtopicisdeterminedbytheoccasion,theaudience,andthespeaker’squalificationsandprofessions.Alsowhenyoulookforaspeechtopic,keepinmindspecialexpertiseyouhaveorsports,hobbies,travel,andotherpersonalexperiencesthatwouldmakeforaninterestingpresentationTwoBroadCategoriesofPotentialTopics•Subjectsyouknowalotabout•Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout2020/8/2952020/8/296Purpose•DeterminingtheGeneralPurpose:thebroadgoalofaspeech•DeterminingtheSpecificPurpose:asingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhatspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.2020/8/297DeterminingtheGeneralPurpose•Alongwithchoosingatopic,youneedtodeterminethegeneralpurposeofyourspeech.Usuallyitwillfallintooneoftwooverlappingcategories–toinformortopersuade.•Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Yourgoalistoconveyinformation–andtodosoclearly,accurately,andinterestingly.2020/8/298•Whenyourgeneralpurposeistopersuade,youactasanadvocate.Yougobeyondgivinginformationtoespousingacause.Youwanttochangeorstructuretheattitudesoractionsofyouraudience.Thedifferencebetweeninformingandpersuadingisthedifferencebetweenexplainingandexhorting劝诫,忠告Whenyouarespeakingtopersuade,youcannothelpbutgiveinformation;butyourprimarygoalistowinoveryourlistenerstoyourpointofview–togetthemtobelievesomethingordosomethingasaresultofyourspeech.2020/8/299DeterminingtheSpecificPurpose•Onceyouhavechosenatopicandgeneralpurpose,youmustnarrowyourchoicestodeterminethespecificpurposeofyourspeech.Thespecificpurposeshouldfocusononeaspectofatopic.Youshouldbeabletostateyourpurposeinasingleinfinitivephrase(toinformmyaudienceabout…;topersuademyaudienceto…)thatindicatespreciselywhatyouhopetoaccomplishwithyourspeech.Perhapsanexamplewillhelpclarifytheprocessofchoosingaspecificpurpose.2020/8/2910Tipsforformulatingthespecificpurposestatement•Formulatingaspecificpurposeisthemostimportantearlystepindevelopingasuccessfulspeech.Whenwritingyourpurposestatement,trytofollowthegeneralprinciplesoutlinedbelow.2020/8/2911•E.g.•Topic:Emergencies•Generaltopic:toinform•SpecificPurpose:toinformmyaudienceofthemajorstepsinrespondingtoanemergency.2020/8/2912•1.Calendars•Ineffective•Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.•Moreeffective•2.Stemcellresearch•Ineffective•Topersuademyaudiencethatthefederalgovernmentshouldincreasefundingforstemcellresearch.•Moreeffective•Note:Theineffectivestatementsaboveareadequateasannouncementsofthespeechtopic,buttheyarenotthoughtoutfullyenoughtoindicatethespecificpurpose.•Tip1:writethepurposestatementasafullinfinitivephrasenotasafragment2020/8/2913•3.WhatisDialelosMuertos?•Ineffective•ToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofMexico’sDiadelosMuertoscelebration.•Moreeffective•4.IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?•Ineffective•TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.•Moreeffective•Note:thequestionsmightmakeadequatetitles,buttheyarenoteffectiveasspecificpurposestatements.Theygivenoindicationaboutwhatdirectionthespeechwilltakeorwhatthespeakerhopestoaccomplish.•Tip2:expressyourpurposeasastatement,notasaquestion.2020/8/2914•5.Toinformmyaudiencethatyogaisextremelycool.•Ineffective•Toinformmyaudiencehowyogacanimprovetheirhealth.•Moreeffective•6.Topersuademyaudiencethatthecampuspolicyonrollerbladingreallystinks.•Topersuademyaudiencethatthecampuspolicyonrollerbladingshouldberevised.•Moreeffective•Note:althoughtheineffectivestatementsindicatesomethingofthespeaker’sviewpoint,theydonotstateconciselywhatheorshehopestoachieve.Metaphors,analogies,andthelikeareeffectivedevicesforreinforcingideaswithinaspeech,buttheyaretooambiguousforspecificpurposestatements.•Tip3:avoidfigurativelanguageinyourpurposestatement2020/8/2915•7.TopersuademyaudiencetobecomeliteracytutorsandtodonatetimetoHabitatforHumanity.•Ineffective•Topersuademyaudiencetobecomeliteracytutors.•Moreeffective•OrtopersuademyaudiencetodonatetimetoHabitatforHumanity.•Theineffectivestatementexpressestwounrelatedideas,eitherofwhichcouldbethesubjectofaspeech.Theeasiestremedyistoselectoneortheotherasafocusforyourpresentation.•Tip4:limityourpurposestatementtoonedistinctidea.2020/8/2916•8.ToinformmyaudienceabouttheCivilWar.•Ineffective•ToinformmyaudienceabouttheroleofAfricanAmericansoldiersintheCivilWar.•Note:theineffectivepurpose