Chapter-VII-Sense-Relations

ChapterVIISenseRelationsZhangLingHebeiNormalUniversityforNationalitiesNovember7,2013EnglishLexicology2《赠日本女郎》•最是那一低头的温柔，•像一朵水莲花不胜凉风的娇羞，•道一声珍重，道一声珍重，•那一声珍重里有甜蜜的忧愁——•沙扬娜拉！•3《沙扬娜拉十八首》•这是徐志摩于1924年陪泰戈尔游历东瀛岛国日本时写的长诗《沙扬娜拉十八首》中的最后一首。这首玲珑之作表现了浪漫诗人的灵动与风流情怀。诗中末尾的“甜蜜的忧愁”作为全诗的诗眼，就是运用了矛盾修辞法。这里，诗人采用对立情绪产生的矛盾效果，浪漫地表达了自己的情感，真可谓悠悠离愁，万种风情，一切尽在不言中。4AlfredTennyson的诗句•英国桂冠诗人AlfredTennyson（1809-1892）一句诗：•Hishonourrootedindishonourstood•Andfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.•他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故，•而那并不诚实的诚实保持虚伪的忠诚。Teachingfocus7.1SenseRelations7.2Synonymy7.3Antonymy7.4Hyponymy7.5Semanticfield7.6Oxymoron67.1SenseRelationsWhataresenserelations(语义关系)?Wordsarearbitrarysymbolsandareindependentidentitiessofarastheirouterfacet---spellingandpronunciation,isconcerned.Butsemantically,allwordsarerelatedinonewayoranother,hencesenserelations.Inlightofsenserelations,wordscanbeclassifiedsemantically.7Problemwiththistheory:themeaningofdesk:Whenweexplainthemeaningofdeskbypointingtothethingitrefersto,wedonotmeanadeskmustbeoftheparticularsize,shape,colorandmaterialasthedeskwearepointingtoatthemomentofspeaking.Weareusingthisparticulardeskasanexample,aninstance,ofsomethingmoregeneral.Thereissomethingbehindtheconcretethingwecanseewithoureyes.Andthatsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Thisabstractthingisusuallycalledconcept(概念）84.Thesemantictriangle语义三角Words→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richardsthought/concept/sensesymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)9Richardsinventedthesemantictriangletodemonstratetherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirreferent.Onepartofthetriangleisthesymbol,ortheword.Anexamplewouldbeablanket.Anotherpeakonthetriangleisthethought(concept,sense).Thisisthewordsthatonewouldusetodescribethereferentsuchaswarm,cozy,cotton.Thereferent(object,thing),thelastpart,isthethingthatonewouldpictureinhismind.RichardsfeelsthattheSemanticTriangleappliestoallwords.10airplane11Senseandreference涵义与指称Sensereferstothemainfeatures,thedefiningpropertiesanentityhas.Thesenseofdesk:apieceoffurniturewithaflaptopandfourlegs,atwhichonereadsandwritesSenseisequivalenttoconcept.Theconceptofdeskmayalsobecalledthesenseofdesk.Reference:theconcreteentities:aparticulardeskintheworld12DifferencebetweensenseandreferenceEverywordhasasense,i.e.someconceptualcontent.Butnoteverywordhasareference.Grammaticalwordslikebut,if,anddonotrefertoanything.Wordslikeunicorn,SantaClaus,God,ghost,fairy,demonanddragonrefertoimaginarythings,whichdonotexistinreality.Abstractwordslikesincerity,lovedon’thaveaconcretereferentintheworld.13Whatismore,itisnotconvenienttoexplainthemeaningofawordintermsofthethingitrefersto.Weshouldstudymeaningintermsofsenseratherthanreference.不同的人对于同一个词的脑中意象是不一样的，例如lecture这个词，学生脑中的意象可能是一个人站在黑板前讲话，教师脑中的意象可能是一排排的学生面对他坐着听讲以及粉笔拿在手里的感觉。学生脑中的意象不同于教师脑中的意象。147.1SenseRelationsTypesofsenserelationsPolysemy(一词多义)Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)Synonymy(同义关系)---semanticsimilarityAntonymy(反义关系)---semanticoppositionHyponymy(上下义关系)---semanticinclusion157.2SynonymyTypesofsynonymsAbsoluteorperfectsynonyms:wordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,I.e.bothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeaning.Suchsynonymsarerareinnaturallanguages.compoundingandcomposition;wordbuildingandword-formation;malnutritionandundernourishment167.2SynonymyTypesofsynonymsRelativeorpartialsynonyms:wordswhicharesimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreeofagivenquality.Itisthistypeofsynonymsweshalldealwithhere.177.2SynonymySourcesofsynonymsBorrowingNativeBorrowedroomchamberfoeenemyhelpaidleavedepartbodilycorporal187.2SynonymySourcesofsynonymsBorrowingNativeFrenchLatintimeageepochbellystomachabdomenfireflameconflagrationaskquestioninterrogate197.2SynonymySourcesofsynonymsDialectsandregionalEnglishliftelevatortubesubwaypetrolgasolinecallboxtelephoneboothcharmglamour(ScotE)207.2SynonymySourcesofsynonymsFigurativeandeuphemisticofwordsoccupationwalkoflifedreamerstar-gazerdrunkelevatedliedistortthefact217.2SynonymySourcesofsynonymsCoincidencewithidiomaticexpressionspickupchoosegiveupabandongoonwithcontinueputoffpostponewingaintheupperhandhesitatebeintwominds227.2SynonymySemanticallysynonymousfield(同义语义场)Baseonsemanticsimilarity,synonymsareusuallyarrangedintosynonymicgroupsorsets.Withinthisgroupsthereisthemostgeneraltermknownas“synonymicdominant”(主导同义词).Thesynonymicdominantisthecommondenotationalcomponentthatbringstwoormorewordstogetherintoasynonymicgroup(同义词群),whichcanbecalledasemanticallysynonymousfield.237.2SynonymySemanticallysynonymousfieldsynonymicdominantsynonymicgroupLeavedepart,quit,retire,withdraw,exit…Lookstare,gaze,eye,peep,glance…Picturepainting,photo,drawing…247.2SynonymyImplicationsofSemanticallysynonymousfieldGeneral------specificSay/speak:murmur,scream,retort,argue,protest,claim,state,declareMonotony----vividnessWehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturn