美国文学

AmericanLiteratureHistoricalOverview•ColonialPeriod(1607-1765)殖民时期•Enlightenment&theWarofIndependence(1765-1800)启蒙时期•RomanticPeriod（1800-1865）浪漫主义时期•RealisticPeriod(1865-1918)现实主义时期•Modernism(1918-1945)现代主义时期•ContemporaryLiterature(1945-?)当代文学Mayflowerin1620PeopleinMayflower---102men,including4carpenters,20workmen,4boysandtherestwere“gentlemen”.---Amongthem51Puritans:strong-minded,educated,ambitiousandwell-organized.ColonialAmericanLiteratureNeitherAmericannorreallyliterature;Ratheraninterestingmixtureoftravelaccountsandreligiouswritings;Poets&essayistcouldbefound,butnonovelistsamongthecolonists.TheEnlightenment&TheIndependentWar•Eighteenth-centuryAmerica:※GreatInfluenceofEnlightenmentFromEngland&France,eg.Newton,Bacon,Locke,Hobbes,Voltaire,Swift,Pope,Defoeect.•WarofIndependence(1776-1783):※WithB.Franklinasitsspokesman,18th-centuryAmericaexperiencedanageofenlightenment,ofreasonandorderlikeEnglandandEurope.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理历书》‘Losttimeisneverfoundagain’‘Apennysavedisapennyearned’‘Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves’TheAutobiography《自传》:----abookontheartofself-improvement----abookcelebratesthefulfillmentoftheAmericandreamothers•ThomasPaine(pamphleteer)CommonSense(greatestrevolutionarypamphlets)RightsofManTheAgeofReason•PhilipFreneau(poetoftheAmericanrevolution)TheBritishPrisonShipTheRisingGloryofAmericaPart1.Overviewofthe19th-cent.---AmericanRomanticism;---Irving’scontributiontoAmericanliterature;---JamesF.Cooper&his“LeatherstockingTales”;Part2.EdgarAllanPoe’sPoetry&Novels;Part3.NewEnglandTranscendentalism---Emerson&Thoreau;Part4.Post-Romanticism---HawthorneTheScarletLetter;---MelvilleMobyDick;RomanticismWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)“FatherofAmericanLiterature”TheSketchBook----thebeginningoftheAmericanRomanticperiod见闻札记RipVanWinkle瑞普·凡·温克尔LegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789-1851)Works:TheLeatherstockingTales《皮裹腿故事集》ataleoftheAmericanfrontier,whichfeaturethefrontiersmanNattyBumppoThePioneers拓荒者(1823)TheLastoftheMohicans最后的莫希干人(1826)ThePrairie大草原(1827)ThePathfinder探路者(1840)TheDeerslayer杀鹿者(1841)EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡（1809-1849）•ShortStoriesTheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》TheBlackCatTheMurdersintheRueMorgueTheTell-TaleHeart•PoetryTheRaven乌鸦ToHelen致海伦FatherofAmericandetectivestoriesAmericanTranscendentalism超验主义Wewillwalkonourownfeet;wewillworkwithourownhands;wewillspeakourownminds...Anationofmenwillforthefirsttimeexist,becauseeachbelieveshimselfinspiredbytheDivineSoulwhichalsoinspiresallmen.•heartofTheAmericanRenaissance•Features---emphasisonspirits,ortheOversoul---stressestheindividual---natureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod•RepresentativesRalphWaldoEmerson&HenryDavidThoreauRalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)Works:Nature论自然---themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalismTheAmericanScholar论美国学者---America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceSelf-Reliance论自立HenryDavidThoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗(1817-1862)Works:CivilDisobedience论公民的不服从(1849)Walden瓦尔登湖(1854)NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)Works:MosesfromanOldManse古屋青苔TheScarletLetter红字---PuritancommunityandthesinofadulteryTheMarbleFaun玉石雕像TheHouseofSevenGables有七个尖角阁的房子TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819-1891)•Works:Typee泰比(1846)Omoo奥穆(1847)MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·迪克/白鲸(1851)BillyBudd比利·巴德MobyDick•thefirstAmericanproseepic•thetheme:nature&man•thestyle:symbolismthewhitewhale,MobyDick:----complexanddangerousnature.thecaptainAhab:---man’sstrongdesiretodestroytheevil;theship,Pequod:----thesocietyWaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)•WorksLeavesOfGrass草叶集(1855)Captures:thesweepingexpanseofAmericaThemes:theunityofIandyou;goodandevil;sex;death,thedivineaverage,anddemocracy.SongofMyself自我之歌OCaptain!MyCaptain!啊，船长我的船长！FreeVerse•自由体诗WhitmanpioneeredtheformandmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.EmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森(1830-1886)Religion；LifeandDeath；LoveandMarriageWorks(2000poems)Thisismylettertotheworld《这是我给世界的一封信》IheardaFlybuzz--whenIdied《我死时听见一只苍蝇叫》Others•HenryLongfellow郎费罗narrativepoemVoicesoftheNightAPsalmofLife•WilliamBryant布莱恩特TheFountainTheWhite-FootedBeerAmericanRealism(1865CivilWar-1918WorldWarI)•Industrialismoveragrarianism•GoldenAge&GildedAge•LocalColor、PsychologicalRealism、NaturalismLocalColorists--H.B.Stowe(1811-1896)斯托UncleTom’sCabin----“Abookwrittenbyalittlewomanstartedagreatwar.”(AbrahamLincoln)“MotherofAmericanRealism”SamuelL.Clemens(MarkTwain)(1835-1910)Works:TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙1865TheGildedAge,镀金时代1873TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,汤姆·索耶历险记1876ThePrinceandthePauper,王子与贫儿1882LifeontheMississippi,1883TheInnocentsAbroad傻瓜出国记TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,1884TheTragedyofPudd'nheadWilson,1893“allmodernAmericanLiteraturecomes”----HemingwayPsychologicalRealist--HenryJames(1843-1916)Works:DaisyMiller苔瑟·米乐(1879)ThePortraitOfALady贵妇人画像(1881)TheBostonians波士顿人(1886)TheWingsOfTheDove鸽翼(1902)TheAmbassadors大使(1903)TheGoldenBowl金碗TheAmerican美国人AmericanNaturalism•BackgroundThegenteelrealismcannottellthetruthoftheharsherlife；Moreinclusive&selectivethanrealism.•Themesthehelplessnessofmaninacoldw