英国文学浪漫主义

Lecture5AnIntroductiontoLiteratureofTheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)ExpectationsFORSS:Acquirethedefinitionoftherelativeliteraryterms,suchasrhyme,rhymescheme,iambicpentameterGivetheircommentson1)Emotions&NatureinRomanticPoetry;2)Findouttherhymeschemeforthepoemsyouhavelearned;3)DifferencebetweenLakePoets&otherromanticpoets;3)Acquiretheknowledgeofsomebasicelementsofpoetryandkindsofpoetry.Part1.Historical&EconomicalOverviewFrenchRevolution&IndustrialRevolution•Politically:inspiredbytheFrenchRevolution(1789)“Liberty,EqualityandFraternity”•DeclarationofRightsofMan(1791-2),ThomasPaine•AVindicationoftheRightsofWoman(1792),MaryWollstonecraft•InquiryconcerningPoliticalJustice(1793),WilliamGodwin•IdeologicallyTheprincipleofRationwasgivingwaytoanindividualized,free,liberal,imaginativeattitudetowardslife;atendencytoturnorescapefromthetumultuousandconfusingHereandNowPart1.Historical&EconomicalOverview•Economically:thegreatIndustrialRevolution•Continuedfastchangestookplacebothinthecountryandinthecities;•Manyfarmhandsdrivenoutoflandrushedintothecity•Womenandchildrenwereemployedascheaplabor;•Newmachinesweresetup,renderingmanyoutofwork;•Disparitywasgrowingbetweentherichandthepoor;•Expansionabroadcontinued:(America),Australia,Canada,NewZealand,India,theWestIndiesandothernations.Part1.Historical&EconomicalOverviewPolitical&SocialEventsDuringThisPeriod1805,victoryovertheSpanish-Frenchalliedfleet1807,abolitionofslavetrading1815,victoryintheWarofWaterloo(WellingtonVSNapoleon)1819,birthoffirstSteamBoat1830,birthoffirstrailway1832,TheReformBill1833,emancipationofslavesPart1.RomanticisminEngland•Inthemid-18thcentury,anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland;•began:in1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sLyricalBallads•Ended:in1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.•Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstbondageofneoclassicism,whichemphasizedreason,orderand“elegantwit”.•Instead,romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotionandnaturalbeauty.Part1.BeliefsofRomanticism•Literatureastheexpressionofman’suniquefeelings.•Individualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.•Emphasisofthefacultyofimagination,i.e.existenceofGod,harmoniousunitybetweentherealworldwiththespiritualworld.•Nature–thesourceofmentalcleanlinessandspiritualunderstanding;thesourceofimagery,thedominantsubjectmatterinromanticism.Part1.RomanticisminEngland•EssenceofRomanticism----Amoreorlesssocial&politicalconditionsnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingthatcamewiththeindustrializationandimportanceofbourgeoisie.----Thefurtheranceofsentimentalism.Part2.RomanticisminEngland•Mostromanticistswerepoetsbecausepoetrywasbelievedtobethebestmediumtoexpresstheirfeelingsandpassions.•Pre-romaticism:WilliamBlake,RobertBurns;•LakePoets---WilliamWordsworth,S.T.Coleridge,RobertSouthey;•ActiveRomanticists---Byron,ShellyandKeatsPart2.Emotion&NatureinPre-RomanticismPre-romanticwritersin18th-cent.WilliamBlake(1757-1827)---SongsofInnocence&SongsofExperience;---Toseeaworldinagrainofsand,Andaheaveninawildflower,Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand,Andeternityinanhour…---Plainanddirectlanguage;---Lyricbeautywithimmensecompressionofmeaning;---Symbolismasadistinctivefeature.Part2.Emotion&NatureinPre-RomanticismRobertBurns(1759-1796)---Scottishculturaltraditions;---Apeasantpoet;---Alyristonthethemesofloveandfriendshipandnature;---MaterialfromthefolklegendsandfolksongsofScotlandPart3.Wordsworth--SpokesmanofRomanticism•“Apoetisamanspeakingtomen.Heismoresensitive,passionateandsentimentalthanothers.”--WilliamWordsworthPart3.Wordsworth--SpokesmanofRomanticism•EarlyYears--nointellectualcompany--greatcomfortinbooks--solitary&unsociablelifeinCambridge--akeenloveofnature--inthesummerof1790,awalkingtourthroughFranceandSwitzerland--firstlovelostinFrance--witness&sympathywiththeFrenchRevolution.Part3.Wordsworth--SpokesmanofRomanticism•ChangeofHisOutlook--ArevolutionaryWordsworthduringtheearlyperiodofFrenchRevolution;--Aconservativepoetafterthe“JacobinTerror”•CloserelationshipwithDorothy,hissister--ashisconfidanteandinspirer:totransformhisobservationofthelandscapeintotherevelationofthebeautyofnatureinpoetry.•FriendshipwithColeridge--life-longfriendsin1797;--jointlypublishedLyricalBalladsin1798Part3.Wordsworth’sPoeticalBelieves--Poetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandsociety.--PoetryisSpontaneous.--NatureInspiresPoetry.--CommonSubjectsCanBePoetic.•“AllgoodpoetryistheSpontaneousoverflowoforiginfrompowerfulfeelings”.•Poetry“takesitsemotionrecollectedintranquility”.Studyof“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”Studyof“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”•Tranquilcontemplationofanemotionalexperiencematuresthefeelingandsensation,makespossiblethecreationofgoodpoetrylikethemellowofoldwine.•Emotionimmediatelyexpressedisasrawaswinenewlybred.----WilliamWordsworthStudyof“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”WhenwewereinthewoodsbeyondGowbarrowParkwesawafewdaffodilsclosetothewaterside.Wefanciedthatthelakehadfloatedtheseedsashoreandthatthelittlecolonyhadsosprungup.Butaswewentalongthereweremoreandyetmoreand