English-literature-II-盎格鲁和中世纪英国文学

Anglo-Saxonpoetryandprose1.TheReligiousPoetryThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthesepoems.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf（塞内武甫）.(1)Caedmon(610-680)ThefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland.ThefatherofEnglishsongHislifestoryisvividlydescribedinBede’sHistoricEcclesiastical（英格兰人教会史）.HisfirstpoemiscalledTheHymnofPraise(赞美诗）.(2)Cynewulf(early9thCentury)Cynewulflivedintheearly9thcentury.ExcepttheunknowncomposerofBeowulf,heisregardedasthegreatestAnglo-Saxonpoet.Ofhislifeweknowverylittle.Hewasprobablyanecclesiastic牧师andascholar.Hisnameremainedunknownuntil1840.Cynewulftookhissubjectmatterpartlyfromthechurch.Throughoutthepoem,adeeploveforChristandreverenceforVirginMaryareexpressed.Heproducedfourpoems:Christ,Juliana,TheFatesoftheApostles,andElene.2.Anglo-SaxonProseProseliteraturedidnotshowitsappear-anceuntilthe8thcentury.Thereweretwofamousprosewriters:VenerableBede,AlfredtheGreat.(1)VenerableBede（比德）(673-735)ThemostimportantofhisworksisTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople（英格兰人教会史）.ThebooknotonlytellsushowreligionwasintroducedandspreadinEnglandbutalsorecountssomehistoricaleventsofthatperiodandAnglo-Saxonmythologicallegends.1.中国2.埃及拉美西斯大帝3.印度阿输迦大帝，即阿育王阿克巴大帝4.波斯帝国居鲁士大帝大流士大帝泽克西斯大帝阿拔斯大帝5.泰国(旧称暹罗)拉玛大帝，即拉玛一世朱拉隆功大帝，即拉玛五世普密蓬大帝，即拉玛九世6.古巴比伦王国汉谟拉比大帝7.马其顿帝国亚历山大大帝8.迦太基汉诺大帝9.古罗马-罗马共和国庞培大帝恺撒大帝-罗马帝国奥古斯都大帝（屋大维）君士坦丁大帝狄奥多西大帝-拜占庭帝国（即东罗马帝国）查士丁尼大帝10.神圣罗马帝国（包括查理曼帝国）查理大帝，或译查理曼奥托大帝11.法国-波旁王朝亨利大帝，即法兰西王国国王亨利四世路易大帝，即法兰西王国国王路易十四拿破仑大帝，即法兰西第一帝国皇帝拿破仑一世12.普鲁士王国霍亨索伦王朝腓特烈大帝，即普鲁士王国国王弗里德里希二世kingofWessexkingdomin9thcenturyDefeatedawaveofinvasionsoftheDanesBroughtpeace,securityandprosperityBuiltschools,importingteachersfromEuropewroteannals,andencouragedculturalgrowthDecidedthatliteratureshouldbewritteninthevernacular,orOldEnglish(2)AlfredtheGreat(871-901)AlfredtheGreatKingofWessexfrom871to899.In853,attheageoffour,AlfredissaidtohavebeensenttoRomewhere,accordingtotheAnglo-SaxonChronicle,hewasconfirmedbyPopeLeoIVwhoanointedhimasking.AlfredsuccessfullydefendedhiskingdomagainsttheVikingattemptatconquest,andbythetimeofhisdeathhadbecomethedominantrulerinEngland.HeistheonlyEnglishmonarchtobeaccordedtheepithettheGreat.AlfredwasthefirstKingoftheWestSaxonstostylehimselfKingoftheAnglo-Saxons.Alfred'sreputationhasbeenthatofalearnedandmercifulmanwhoencouragededucationandimprovedhiskingdom'slegalsystemandmilitarystructure.Apopularlegend,originatingfrom12thcenturychronicles,tellshowwhenhefirstfledtotheSomersetLevels,Alfredwasgivenshelterbyapeasantwomanwho,unawareofhisidentity,lefthimtowatchsomecakesshehadleftcookingonthefire.Preoccupiedwiththeproblemsofhiskingdom,Alfredaccidentallyletthecakesburn.AlfredtheGreatisscoldedfornotturningthebreadsbutreadilyeatingthemwhentheyarebakedinhercottage.(2)AlfredtheGreat(871-901)AlfredtheGreattranslatedsomeimportantLatinworksintoEnglish.Butofhisworks,themostimportantisTheAnglo-SaxonChronicles（盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史）.ThisbookrecordsthemainhappeningsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.ItisthebestmonumentoftheOldEnglishprose.MedievalEnglishLiteratureMedievalEnglishLiteratureThisperiodcoversaboutfivecenturies.AftertheNormanConquestin1066,afeudalsystemwasestablishedinEngland.RomanCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry.(Anglo-SaxonswereChristianizedinthe7thcentury.)AlistofdynastiesandkingsinEnglandAlistofdynastiesandkingsinEngland1.HouseofNorman1)KingWilliamⅠtheConquerorHewastheleaderandwinneroftheNormanConquest,whichincreasedtheprocessoffeudalismbeginningduringAnglo-Saxontimes.Williamestablishedastrongmonarchwithamorecentralizedcharacter.HeconductedtocompiletheDoomsdayBook,ameticuloussurveyoffeudalestatesinEngland.2)KingWilliamⅡRufus,secondsonofWilliamⅠHewasaharshrulerandwaskilledbyanarrow---shotbyanunknownhand---whilehuntingAlistofdynastiesandkingsinEngland3)KingHenryⅠ,thirdsonofWilliamⅠHegavebothEnglandandwesternFranceapeaceful,orderlyrule.4)KingStephen,grandsonofWilliamtheConquerorStephenwasabraveknightbutaweakking,throughoutwhosereignlawlessbaronsfoughtprivatewars,eachseekingtoincreasehispower.AlistofdynastiesandkingsinEngland2.HouseofPlantagenet（金雀花王朝）1)KingHenryⅡ,grandsonofHenryⅠHecarriedoutreformstoconsolidatethemonarch.TheRoyalpowersofjusticesweregreatlyexpanded.Alllandheldinfeudaltenurewasbroughtunderroyaljurisdiction.2)KingRichardⅠtheLionheart,sonofHenryⅠHepaidmoreattentiontotheCrusadethantothenationalpolitics.3)KingJohn,youngerbrotherofRichardⅠHewasforcedtosignGreatCharterthatmightlimitpowerofkingduetohistyrannicalrule.AlistofdynastiesandkingsinEngland4)KingHenryⅢ,John’seldestsonHewaspious,well-meaningbutincompetentandextravagantSimondeMontfortledthebaronsandroseagainstHenryIIIin1264andcalledParliamentknownasthebeginningofparliament----AllEstatesParliament.AlistofdynastiesandkingsinEngland5)KingEdwardⅠ,HenryⅢ’seldestsonHewiselyacceptedthelimitationsontheking’sauthority.Inthefirstyearsofhisreign,hesuppressedcorruptionintheadministrationofjustice,restrictedthejurisdictionofcou