句子成分与结构

与结构什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!句子成分概述:一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.句子成分有主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语（object）表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)和状语(Adverbial).e.g.Thetaxi-drivershoutedatmeangrily.主语谓语状语句子除了上述几种基本成分外,还有补足语，同位语或一些独立成分,如插入语、呼语和感叹语等.e.g.Sandy,bequick.呼语Oh,myGod!感叹语It’stooexpensive,Ithink.插入语Wemustallhelptofightpollution.同位语1.主语a.名词ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.Tomworksveryhard.b.代词Iboughtanewbook.Thatisapictureofourschool.Whoknowstheanswer?c.数词Threeplusfourisseven.Thefirstisthebest.•主语是一个句子所叙述的主体．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．d.动词不定式Toseeistobelieve.ItisimportanttolearnEnglish.e.动名词Smokingisharmfultothehealth.f.名词化的形容词或分词Theoldshouldberespected.Thedisabledwillreceivemoremoney.g.主语从句Whathesaidisnottrue.Itissaidthatnobodyknowswherehelives.形式主语(FormalSubject)是代词it的一种用法.当句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句时,为使句子平衡,一般用it作形式主语放在句首,而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后..a.It+谓语+动词不定式短语Itisagoodhabittodomorningexercises.Itisdifficultforhimtogiveupsmoking.b.It+谓语+动名词短语(主要用在以nogood/use,useless,worthwhile,dangerous等词作表语的句子中)Itisnouselearningwithoutthinking..Itisdangerousplayingwithfire.Itisapitythatyoudidn’tcometotheparty.Itissaidthatnobodyknowswherehelives.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．一般放在主语之后.Heisamiddleschoolstudent.Thenewtermwillbeginonthe1stofSeptember.HisnovelhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.c.It+谓语+名词性从句(真正的主语是that引导的名词性从句)2.谓语3.宾语宾语是动作的对象，是动作的承受者.由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．宾语常用于及物动词之后,称为动词宾语.介词后面的名词或代词,称为介词宾语.a.名词Helosthisparentsinhischildhood.b.代词(人称代词用宾格)Everybodylikesher.c.数词---Howmanychairsdoyouwant?---Iwantfour.d.名词化的形容词和分词Thedoctorisoperatingontheinjured.e.不定式I’dliketohavesomecoffee.Ifinditeasytosingthissong.f.动名词Ihaven’tfinishedreadingyourbookyet.g.宾语从句Ithinkyouareright.Ireallydon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.Ireallydon’tknowwhattodonext.(2)双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语:直接宾语(DirectObject)和间接宾语(IndirectObject),称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语),另一个指物(一般为直接宾语).间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.Hegavemeabook.间接宾语直接宾语有时为了强调间接宾语,也可将间接宾语后置,并在其前加上介词to或for.Hegaveabooktome.Heboughtthisbookforme.注意:如果直接宾语是人称代词,则间接宾语必须后置,并在其前加上介词to或for.Here’syourreport.Don’tforgettoshowittoyourparents.(3)复合宾语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．宾语+宾语补足语叫做复合宾语(ComplexObject).4.宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态或特征.它可由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．Mumaskedhimtobuysomebread.Icanseesomestudentsplayingbasketball.HisfathernamedhimJohnny.Leavethedooropen.WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.Atlast,hefoundhimintrouble.注意:在let,make,watch,see,hear,feel等使役动词和感观动词后,接不定式作宾补时,须省去不定式符号to.Weheardhimsinginthenextroom.如复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词短语或从句,常用it来代替宾语,将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后,it则被称为形式宾语.Wefounditdifficulttosolvethisproblem.形式宾语宾语补足语真正宾语Ithinkitnecessarythatweshouldvoteonit.形式宾语宾语补足语真正宾语5.表语：•表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的,即说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．一般用在连系动词be,或半系动词如become,look,turn,seem,appear,smell等之后Iamateacher.Theleavesturnyellowinautumn.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Seeingisbelieving.Thequestioniswhyweshouldputoffthemeeting.Newtonisafamousscientist.Let’slistentotheweatherforecastfirst.Ourschoolisgoingtobuildaswimmingpool.Theboystandingunderthetreeishisson.TheboyintheroomisJack.Ihavenopentowritewith.ThemanwhoiscomingtowardusismyEnglishteacher.6.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．6.定语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作发生的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况的句子成分,被称为状语。可充当状语的有:Whocanwritebeautifully?We’regoingtospendtheholidayattheseaside.Heiswritingwithapen.Notknowingwhattodo,Idecidedtogiveup.7.状语a.副词b.介词短语c.分词短语Hismotheroftencomestoseehim.Assoonastheteachercamein,allthestudentsstoodup.Becausehewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.d.不定式短语e.从句8.同位语在句子中,一个名词或代词,或相当于名词的短语或从句,放在另一个名词或代词之后,用以说明它的性质或情况,被称为同位语.a.名词Thisismybestfriend,Tom.b.代词Weallgotasurprise.c.数词Thisprizeisforyoutwo.d.从句Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.句子成分练习：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.10.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.11.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.12.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.13.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?14.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.主语谓语表语状语真正的宾语形式宾语插入语表语宾语定语16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.宾语状语状语形式主语表语宾语补足语宾语补足语表语简单句基本句型英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一:Ｓ+Ｖ+P（主＋系+表）基本句型二:Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）基本句型三:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）基本句型四:Ｓ+Ｖ+O1+Ｏ2（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）基本句型五:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)基本句型一Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）1.He2.Thedinner3.Theweatherissmellsbecametallandstrong.good.warmer.此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：be,seem,appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste2.表状态延续的：remain,stay,keep,continue,stand3.表状态变化的：become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow基本句型二Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）1.Time2.Thesun3.Theman4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed．此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思