英美概况括考前知识点总结

英国概况1，英国名称：TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)2，地理位置：GreatBritainisthelargestislandoftheBritishIsles,thelargestislandinEuropeandtheeighth-largestislandintheworld.ItliestothenorthwestofContinentalEurope,withIrelandtothewest,andmakesupthelargestpartoftheterritoryofthestateknownastheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itissurroundedbyover1,000[citationneeded]smallerislandsandislets.或者回答BritishmainlandwesternEuropefromGreatBritainandIreland,north-eastandmanynearbyislands，SheeastbytheNorthSea,theAtlanticOceantothewest,uptotheNorthAtlanticoffIceland,YugoslaviaandtheEuropeancontinent,separatedonlybyastripofwater,theEnglishChannel3,英国首都：London4,组成部分：England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland5,民族：EnglandWelsh、Scotch、Irish6,英国国旗：theUnionFlag英国国歌：GodSaveTheQueen天佑女7，三次外族入侵：ⅠRomanConquest；43AD,theromanempireⅡAnglo-SaxonConquest；thelate8thcentury,Scandinavia,createdacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEnglandⅢNormanConquest；1066,Normans,WilliamtooktheEnglishthrone,andbecameWilliamtheFirst4,英国主要河流：RiverThames泰晤士河RiverSevern塞文河8，政府组成部分：Monarch，Parliament，Cabinet君主制时间：5thcenturyAD君主的职能：Presidedovertheopeningofparliament,OrderinCouncilapprovedthesignedofanActofParliamentandmeetthePrimeMinisterandtheQueenstandsfortheBritishintheworld.Suchasreceivingforeignambassadorsandhighcommissioners,receivingvisitingheadsofstate,andandaccessingoverseascountries,theUnitedKingdomandothercountriestosupportdiplomaticandeconomicrerelations.君主现处地位：皇宫：BuckinghamPalace现代君主：ElizabethII9，议会历史：MagnaCarta组成部分：Queen\King,houseoflords,houseofcommons如何成为两院的议员：Tobehouseoflords:appointedbytheQueen\KingTobehouseofcommons:generalelection主要职能：passthelaw10，内阁首脑：Minister成员：themembersofparliament职能：topersuadeparliamenttopasslawsandvotefortaxes\carryoutthefunctionsofpolicy-making11，英国普选对象：votersandcandidates选举人：候选人：成为首相的人选：theleaderofthegoverningparty主要执政党派：theconservationparty\thelabourparty现任英国的执政党：thelabourparty如何成为执政党：Thepartywinsthemajorityseatsinthehouseofcommons12，英国经济工业革命之父：瓦特（JamesWatt）发明：蒸汽机（steamengine）13，英国的教育3个阶段：primaryeducation，secondaryeducation，highereducation2大分支：publiceducation，privateeducation大学教育中的学位：bachelorsdegree，doctordegree，masterdegree14，英国文学：1．英语发展的三个阶段:①OldEnglish(6th—11th):theanglo-saxonlanguage②MiddleEnglish(11th--15th):thecombinationofEnglishandFrench③ModernEnglish(15th—now)2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf3.英国第一个诗人及其代表作：诗人：GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟).代表作：TheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事集)4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作①WilliamShakespeare:悲剧Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,RomeoandJuliet喜剧TwelfthNight,TheTempest,AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheTamingOfTheShrew②ChristopherMarlowe:TheTragicalHistoryofDRFaustu5.弥尔顿的三部曲：ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes15，英国媒体最早的报纸：TheObserver报纸分为那两类：broadsheets(qualitypress)\tabloid(gutterpress)BBC的含义：TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation16，英国的节日圣诞节的含义：tocommemoratesthebirthofJesusChrist感恩节的含义：tocommemoratestheCrucifixionandResurrectionofJesusChrist美国概况：1，名称：theUnitedStatesofAmerica2，地理位置(geographicalposition)：ThecountryissituatedmostlyincentralNorthAmerica,andliesbetweenthePacificandAtlanticOcean,borderedbyCanadatothenorthandMexicotothesouth.4，临国(neighboringcountries):Canada,Mexico.5，主要河流(majorrivers)：TheMississippiRiver,theColoradoRiver,theColumbiaRiver,theYukonRiver,theMissouriRiver6，五大湖(GreatLakes)：LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErie,LakeOntario.7，首都：WashingtonD.C8，独立战争（AmericanRevolutionaryWar/AmericanWarofIndependence）：1、双方：ItbeganasawarbetweentheKingdomofGreatBritainandthirteenBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,andendedinaglobalwarbetweenseveralEuropeangreatpowers.2、领导者：GeorgeWashington.3、起止时间：Sep19,1775---Sep3,17839，独立宣言（UnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence）：1、起草者(drafter)：ThomasJefferson2、时间：July4,17763，被通过的时间：4thJuly,17764，主要内容：Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.10，美国的政治体制三权分立：LegislativeBranchismadeupofelectedrepresentativesfromallofthestates,andisonlybranchthatcanmakefederaltaxes,declarewarorputforeigntreatiesintoeffect.立法机构所属机构为参议院（theSenate）和众议院（theHouseofRepresentative）；theExecutivebranch的所属机构有president,vice-president,cabinetand13departments.TheJudicialbranchisheadedbytheSupremeCourt,whichistheonlycourtspecificallycreatedbytheConstitution.职能：FederalcourtshavejurisdictionovercasesarisingoutoftheConstitution;lawsandtreatiesoftheUnitedStates;maritimecases;issuesinvolvingforeigncitizensorgovernments;andcasesinwhichthefederalgovernmentitselfisaparty.三权分立的核心：checksandbalances联邦条款：ArticlesofConfederation.这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件，规定了联合新独立的13个州松散的邦联政府的职能。1787年美国制订联邦宪法，邦联制随之终止。美国宪法（Constitution）制定的会议名称：ConstitutionalConvention.;地点：Philadelphia;thepresidentoftheConventionwasGeorgeWashington;时间：1787.5；联邦制的含义：Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.权利法案的含义及内容：《权利法案》：adoptedin1791.content:Thisconsistsof10veryshortparagraphswhichguaranteedfreedomandindividualrightsandforbidinterfer