Chapter-7-language-culture-and-society

Language,Culture,andSocietyChapterSeven21.Languageandculture2.Languageandsociety3.Languageandcross-culturaltransmission31.LanguageandCulture4Whatisculture?5DefinitionsofcultureInChinese,itis文化Ifafarmersays“我没文化,不识字”,hereitmeansilliterate.Ifapersonislookingatanabstractpaintingandsays“我文化水平不够高,欣赏不了这幅画”,whathemeansistaste.6Whatisculture?Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includinghowtospeak,howtoact,howtothink,howtofeel,etc.7Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.Therearetwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual891.1TherelationshipbetweenL&CGenerally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Languageisanindispensablecarrierofculture.Culturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.1)Languageisaproductofoursociallife.2)Languageistheprincipalmeansbywhichcultureispasseddown.3)Languagereflectsthewayofthinking.Mentalactivitiesdependonlinguisticactivity.10e.g.RPeducatedGAeducatedandextrovertedPhonologicaldifferencesordialectalaccentsrevealmorethangeographicoriginsofspeakers.Wordsaresometimesidiomatically-governedandculturally-specificE..g“getyourhandsdirty”Examples11ChineseidiomsdogEnglish：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”贬义形象Youarealuckydog.Everydoghashisday（凡人皆有得意日）Olddogwillnotlearnnewtricks（老人学不了新东西）sickasadogdog-tired12HeritageconcerningthestudyoflanguageandcultureAnthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.A.LondonSchool:B.Malinowski&J.Firth(pioneersinEngland;inthe1920s)B.NorthAmericanSchool:F.Boas,E.Sapir&B.L.Whorf(representatives)13A.LondonSchool:BronislawMalinowski(1884-1942):♥FormthestudyoftheTrobriandIslandsoffeasternNewGuinea,hefound:“inthisprimitiveuses,languagefunctionsasalinkinconcertedhumanactivity…Itisamodeofactionandnotaninstrumentofreflection.”语言是一种行为方式，而不是思维的工具♥putouttheideaof“Speechcommunity”言语社1)Thesolidsubstanceofatree;2)AcanoeHeavilysituationallyorculturallyspecified14LondonSchool:J.R.Firth(1890-1960):theoryofthecontextofsituationamodelforillustratingthecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageuseanditsco-occurrentfactors.语言使用和它共现因素的密切关系1.Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.2.Therelevantobjects.3.Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.Emphasize:“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhatend”15LondonSchool:Systemicfunctionallinguistics:Halliday(1925-)1.Studylanguagefromasocialsemioticorinteractionalperspective2.Functionalinterpretationofgrammarasaresourceformeaningpotential3.Linguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature16Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.(frozen)Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.(formal)Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsplease?(consultative)Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.(casual)Upyougo,Chaps17B.NorthAmericanSchool:Culturalstudyoflanguage-------AmericanIndiancultureAnthropologisttriedtoreconstructtheAmericanNativelanguages(1940s).SuchasF.Boas,E.Sapir&B.L.Whorf,andD.Hymes18EugeneNida’sstudy:Astranslators,ifwewanttodoagoodjobinCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATION,therearefivetypesofsub-cultureweshouldbefullyawareof:ecologicalculture生态文化;linguisticculture语言文化;religiousculture宗教文化;materialculture物质文化andsocialculture社会文化(Nida1964)19DellHymes(1927-):Ethnographyofcommunication(交际民俗学)Aframeworkinalinguisticstudyofsocialandculturalfactors1.Speechcommunity.Referstoagroupofpeople……1.Situation,event,andact.2.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key,instrumentalities,norms,andgenres201.2TheSapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)1.2.1theideaattheinitialstage1.2.2theSapir-WhorfHypothesis1.2.3Thestrong&weakversion211.2.1theideaattheinitialstageAhypothesisconcerninglanguage,cultureandthoughtOurlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.语言有助于塑造思维模式不同的语言表达决定了我们认识世界的不同方式22peopledon’tperceivetheworldfreelybutrathertheydosothroughlanguage,afilterstructurewhichwilldistorttherealityandthusinfluenceandcontrolthethought.Thishypothesiscanbetracedbackto___________.VonHumboldt23a.Linguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):Languagedeterminesourthinkingpatternsb.Linguisticrelativity(语言相对论)：Similaritybetweenlanguageisrelative.Thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.1.2.2TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis24English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.25Culture-loadedwords烫手的山芋hotpotato雨后春笋springlikemushroom大鱼大肉meatandpotatoes酒肉朋友fair-weatherfriendkillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs杀鸡取卵26CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,kongfu,tofu,tea,etc.277hn1.2.3MoreabouttheSapir-WhorfhypothesisDevelopmentfromtheoriginalformThestrongversion(强式说):Emphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageasthesh