英语语法(七)复合句(1)

12句子可分成：简单句simplesentence(有五种基本结构……)并列句compoundsentence（由两个或两个以上的简单句，由并列连词连接而成。）Thesignalwasgiven,andthesteamermovedslowlyfromthedock.Hurryoryouwon’tcatchthebus.Ihadadrink,thenIwenthome.（连接副词）Itrained,thereforethegamewascalledoff.（连接副词）复合句complexsentence3复合句(ComplexSentences)由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。复合句中的从句根据在句子中所担任的成分可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。4名词性从句名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句。它们可以由下列连词引导：从属连词that,whether,if；连接代词who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever)；连接副词when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等。51．主语从句(SubjectClause)主语从句在句中作主语。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、连接代词、连接副词等，它们在句中一般不能省略。Howtheygetridofpovertyisabigproblem.Thatmathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscienceisevident.Whoeveristiredmayrest.Whytheearthmovesroundthesunisquiteclearnow.6注意：主语从句常放在句尾，而用it作形式主语使句子更加平衡（这时口语中常省略that）,如上面第一、二句可改成：Itisabigproblemhowtheygetridofpoverty．Itisevident(that)mathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscience.但下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用it作形式主语：（1）主句谓语是被动语态时。Itisreportedthatmanyhousesweredestroyed.Itissaidthatheisagooddoctor.（2）主句是疑问句或感叹句时。Isittruethatthefilmstarwillcome?Howwonderfulitisthatwe'llvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.7（3）主句谓语动词是appear,turnout,happen,occur,come,strike,follow,matter等时。Ithappenedthatshehadacoldanddidn'tgowithusthatday.ItturnedoutthatIwaswrong.（4）表示说话人的推测或评价，如在itseems,itmaybe,itis(un)likely,itis(im)possible,itisapity,itisawonder等结构中。Itseemsthatthistestisreliable.Itisapity(that)shecan'tgowithus.（5）强调主句的表语时。Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.Itisnecessarythathewoulddoso.8_________(你说的话）isright._________(无论谁违反法律）willbepunished.It’sstrange________(他睡得这么早）.Itisdoubtful________(他是否回来）._________(他们考试失败）isentirelysurprising.Itisstillaquestion_________(他是否能康复）.Itseems________(他不喜欢这事务）._________(我们是否会去那儿）dependsontheweather.9Whatyousaidisright.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.It’sstrangethathehasgotobedsoearly.Itisdoubtfulwhetherhewillcome.Thattheyfailedintheexamsisentirelysurprising.Itisstillaquestionwhetherhewillrecover.Itseemsthatyoudon’tlikethefood.Whetherwe‘llgotheredependsontheweather.102．宾语从句(ObjectClause)宾语从句在句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的关联词和引导主语从句的关联词相同（that由于不担任成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略）。Ithought(that)youmusthavereadtheEnglishbook.Weshouldlearntotellwhethertheelementispoisonousornot.Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone?HewillwritetousaboutwhathesawinEngland.11注意：（1）宾语从句后有宾语补足语时，常将从句移至句末，而用it做形式宾语放在前面。Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness.Theexperimentmakesitclearthatairhaspressure.（2）宾语从句可作某些介词和某些作表语用的形容词的宾语。Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.Wearesure(that)itwillbeasuccess.引导宾语从句的形容词常是一些表示感情的形容词：glad，pleased，relieved，sorry或表示渴望、信心等的形容词和分词：afraid，anxious，aware，certain，confident，conscious，convinced等。Iamdelightedthatyoupassedyourexam．I’mafraidthatIcan’tcometillnextweek．Areyoucertainthatthisistherightroad？12（3）宾语从句可以是直接引语也可以是间接引语.Heaskedme,“AreyoufromGuangZhoucity,Guangdongprovince?”（直接引语）HeaskedmewhetherIwasfromGuangzhoucity,Guangdongprovince.（间接引语）13Bothofthemagreed_________(这是个好主意）.Iknow________(你指的是什么）.Shedidn’tsay________(她什么时候离开）.Themanasked_________(你是否要这张票）.I’llbeveryinterestedin________(你要做什么）.Theboyisafraidthat_________(不允许他进去）.14Bothofthemagreedthatitwasagoodidea.Iknowwhatyoumean.Shedidn’tsaywhensheisleaving.Themanaskedwhetheryouwantedtheticket.I’llbeveryinterestedinwhatyouwilldo.Theboyisafraidthathewillnotbeallowedtocomein.153．表语从句(PredicativeClause)表语从句在句中作表语。引导表语从句的词与引导主语从句的词相同，但连词because,asif也可以引导表语从句。Thereasonis(that)wehaven'traisedenoughmoney.Thatiswhatwewanttoknow.Itlooksasifastormiscomingup.Thatisbecausehewasafterfame.16Thetroubleis________(我们缺少资金）.Yourgreatestfaultis_________(太粗心）.Thatis________(我为什么要你在这儿工作）.Asiaisnolonger________(不再是以前的那样了）.That’s_________(他们如何逃跑的）.Hisfirstquestionwas________(他妈妈是否已经到达了）.17Thetroubleisthatweareshortoffunds.Yourgreatestfaultisthatyouaresocareless.ThatiswhyIwantyoutoworkthere.Asiaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.That’showtheyescaped.Hisfirstquestionwaswhetherhismumhadarrivedyet.184．同位语从句(AppositiveClause)同位语从句在句中作同位语，是与先行词同位或等同的从句。其先行词多为belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,remark,reply,report,thought,truth等抽象名词；其引导词多为that（在口语中可省去），也可用whether，what,where等。如：Therecanbenodoubtthatwe'llfinishintime.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Weshoulddiscusscarefullytheimportantquestionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithinaweek.Thenarosethequestionwherewecouldgetthem.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.19注意:that在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分，只起引导从句的作用，而在定语从句中that还充当主语,宾语或状语.试比较：Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadegreatachievementsinhiswork.Thisisthepicturethatthelittleboydrewyesterday.20Let’sdoexercises,ok?21复合句（名词性从句）一、选择填空：1.hesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.If2.Idon’tknowhewillattendtheconcert.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.whether3.willattendthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.A.WhoeverB.WhoC.WhereD.Whom4.wecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what5.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildheorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.wheneve