国际贸易实务双语教程unit-01

国际贸易实务双语教程（第四版）(INTERNATIONALBusinessPractice)清华大学出版社Chapter1Abriefintroductiontointernationaltrade•Internationaltrade,alsocalledworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,isthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Definition(P1)SectionOneReasonsforinternationaltrade(从事国际贸易的动机)1ResourceAcquisition(寻求资源)2BenefitsAcquisition(追求利润)3Diversification(多种经营)4Expandsales（扩大销售）5.Internationalbalanceofpayments(国际收支平衡)6.Otherreasons1.ResourceAcquisition(寻求资源P2)Resourcedistributionaroundtheworldisuneven.Nonationhasalltheeconomicresourcesitneeds.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuythemfromothercountries.Naturalresources:mineral,water,weather,soil,forest,etc.Socialresources:laborforce,skillstechnology,equipmentsetc.Whatareresources?2.BenefitsAcquisition(追求利润P2)•Acountrycanbenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatalowercost.Question:Whycantradecreatebenefits?TheoryofComparativeAdvantage比较优势理论Or:ComparativeCostTheory比较成本理论（byAdamSmith,DavidRicardo,JohnStuartandothereconomistsinthe19thcentury）Question:Doyouthinkeverycountrycanproducethesametypeofproductatthesamecost?1.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcloth?2.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine?3.Whatshouldtheyspecializeinrespectively?HoursofLaborrequiredtoproduceCountryCloth(100bolts)Wine(100barrels)Scotland30120Portugal10020Example1Fact:Somecountrieshasnoabsoluteadvantageinproducinganyproducts.Question:Canthesecountriesmakeprofitsbydoingbusinesswiththosewhohasabsoluteadvantage?1)InwhichproductdoesU.S.Ahaveanabsoluteadvantage?2)InwhichproductdoesBrazilhaveacomparativeadvantage?3)Whatshouldthetwocountriesspecializein?unitsofPR(productiveresource)productU.S.ABrazil100cars241000computers34Example2•Americanshaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingbothcarsandcomputers.•UsingthreeunitsofPR(productiveresource)toproduce1,000computersintheUnitedStatesrequiressacrificingtheproductionof150cars.•UsingfourunitsofPRtoproduce1,000computersinBrazilrequiressacrificingonly100cars.•Conclusion:Brazilianshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingcomputers.Conclusionforpoint2(P3)Aslongasthereisminordifferencesintheefficiencyofproducingacommodity,eventhepoorcountrieshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingit.Therefore,thecountrycanspecializeintheparticularproductsandmass-produce.•3.Diversification多样经营(P3)•4.SalesExpansion扩大销售(P4)•Salesarelimitedby1)thenumberofconsumers2)thecapacityofpurchaseofconsumer5.Internationalbalanceofpayments国际收支平衡(P4)BOP---balanceofpaymentBOPaccount收支平衡账户BOPsheet收支平衡表Balanceofpayment•Theinternationalbalanceofpaymentisthedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry.•Afavorablebalanceofpayment(国际收支顺差)meansmoremoneyisflowingintoacountry.•Anunfavorablebalanceofpayment（国际收支逆差）meansmoremoneyisflowingoutofacountry.BalanceoftradeAfavorablebalanceoftrade(贸易顺差)ortradesurplus(贸易出超)occurswhenthevalueofanation’sexportexceedsthatofitsimport.Whenthevalueofanation’simportexceedsthatofitsexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftrade（贸易逆差）ortradedeficit(贸易入超)occurs.6.Otherreasons(P4)1)Satisfyingalargedomesticdemand满足国内大量需求2)Preferenceforinnovationandstyle对创新和款式的追求3)Forpoliticalreasons政治原因Termtranslation1.自给自足2.经济资源3.直接投资4.国际收支5.商品交换6.倾销7.贸易顺差8.贸易逆差9.欧盟10.国际收支顺差11.国际收支逆差12.有形贸易13.无形贸易14.货物贸易15.服务贸易Exercises1.self-sufficient2.2.economicresources3.directinvestment4.Balanceofpayment5.Commodityexchange6.dumping7.favorablebalanceoftrade8.unfavorablebalanceoftradeKeys9.EuropeanUnion10.favorablebalanceofpayment11.unfavorablebalanceofpayment12.visible(tangible)trade13.invisible(intangible)trade14.tradeingoods15.tradeinserviceKeysProblemsCultureDifferences文化差异MonetaryConversion货币兑换TradeBarriers贸易壁垒SectionTwoProblemsConcerningInternationalTrade1.Culturaldifferences文化差异问题(P5)Ininternationaltrade,businesspeoplemustpaycloseattentiontodifferentlocalcustomsandBusinessnorms(商业准则).2.MoneyConversion货币兑换问题(fluctuationinexchangerate)Frenchfrancs(法郎)USdollars(美元)Britishpounds(英镑)DeutscheMark(马克)Japaneseyen(日元)Danishkrone(克朗)Euro(欧元)3.TradeBarriers（贸易壁垒P6）Isthereacompletelyfreetradingsysteminanycountry?Tradepoliciescomeinmanyforms-----tariffsorsubsidies,quantitativerestrictionorencouragementsonimportedorexportedgoods,servicesandassets.TradeBarriers（贸易壁垒）1)Tocorrectabalance-of–paymentdeficit;2)Inviewofnationalsecurity;3)Toprotecttheirindustriesagainstthecompetitionofforeigngoods.ReasonsfortradebarriersP6TradeBarriers（贸易壁垒）1）Tariffbarriers关税壁垒2）Non-tariffBarriers---NTBs非关税壁垒1)Tariffbarriers关税壁垒Tariffsorimporttariffs(进口关税)aretaxesleviedongoodsorservicesbeingimportedintothecountry.Thesetariffscanbeoftwotypes:1)ProtectiveTariff保护关税2)RevenueTariff财政关税Differentratesofcustomsdutiesareappliedtodifferentcategoriesofgoods.1)SpecificDuty从量税2)AdvaloremDuty从价税(P7)3)CompoundDuty混合税2)Non-tariffbarriers•Anon-tariffbarrierisanypolicyusedbythegovernmenttoreduceimports,ratherthanasimpletariff.NTBscantakemanyforms,includingimportquotas,productstandards,buy-at-homerulesforGovernmentpurchases,andsoon.2