2013年12月四级考试试题、原文翻译及答案解析

第一张SectionADirections：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter,PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatdoesittaketobeawell-trainednurse?Theanswerusedtobetwo-yearassociate'sorfour-yearbachelor’sdegreeprograms.Butasthenursingshortage36,agrowingnumberofschoolsandhospitalsareestablishingfast-trackprogramsthatenablecollegegraduateswithnonursing37tobecomeregisterednurseswithonlyayearorsoof38training.In1991.therewereonly40fast-trackcurricula;nowtherearemorethan200.TypicalisColumbiaUniversity'sEntrytoPracticeprogram.Studentsearntheirbachelorofscienceinnursinginayear.Thosewhostayonforan39twoyearscanearnamaster’sdegreethat40themasnursepractitioners(执业护士）orclinicalnursespecialists.Manystudentsarerecent41;othersarecareerswitchers.RudyGuardron,32,a2004graduateofColumbia’sprogram,wasapremedicalstudentincollegeandthenworkedforapharmaceutical(药物的）researchcompany.AtColumbia,hewas42asanursepractitioner.Isawthatnurseswereinhigh43anditlookedlikeareallygoodopportunity,hesays'Also,Ididn'twanttobeinschoolforthatlong.”Thefast-tracktrendfillsaneed,butit’salsocreatingsome44betweennewcomersandveterans.Nursesthatarestillatthebedside45thesekidswithsuspicion,saysLindaPellico,whohastaughtnursingatYaleUniversityfor18years.Theywonder,howcantheydoitquicker?Theansweristheydon't.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A）additionalF）exploresK）specializedB）appliedG）graduatesL）tensionC）demandH）operationsM）trainedD）excessiveI）promoteN）viewE）experienceJ）qualifiesO）worsens参考译文怎样才能成为一名训练有素的护士呢？在过去,答案是两年的专科学习或者四年的本科学习。但是，由于护士短缺现象加剧,越来越多的学校和医院建立了快速通道项目,这使没有经验的大学毕业生通过专业训练就能在一年左右成为注册护士。1991年,美国只有40个快速通道课程,而现在则已超过200个。哥伦比亚大学的实践人门项目就是典型代表。学生用一年的时间就能获得护理专业学士学位;而那些留校继续再读两年的学生能获得硕士学位,有资格成为执业护士或者临床护理专家。很多参加快速通道项目的学生是刚毕业的大学生,也有工作后想要转行的人。RudyGuardron,32岁，是哥伦比亚大学此项目2004年的毕业生。他原本是医科大学预科的学生,后来在制药研究公司工作。他在哥伦比亚大学受训成为一名执业护士。我意识到护士的需求量很大,这看起来是个很好的机会,他说,而且,我不想在学校待那么长时间。快速通道的趋向填补了护士短缺的需求,但是也造成了新老护士之间的紧张气氛。临床的护士带着怀疑的态度看待这些新人在耶鲁大学教授护理学已有18年之久的LindaPellico说他们想知道，自己怎么能快速地成为执业护士呢?答案是没有办法。SectionBDirections：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheriseofthesharingeconomyLastnight40000peoplerentedaccommodationfromaservicethatoffers250000roomsin30000citiesin192countries.Theychosetheirroomsandpaidforeverythingonline.Buttheirbedswereprovidedbyprivateindividuals,ratherthanahotelchain.HostsandguestswerematchedupbyAirbnb,afirmbasedinSanFrancisco.Sinceitslaunchin2008morethan4millionpeoplehaveusedit—-2.5millionofthemin2012alone.Itisthemostprominentexampleofahugenewsharingeconomy,inwhichpeoplerentbeds,cars,boatsandotherassetsdirectlyfromeachother,co-ordinateviatheinternet.A)Youmightthinkthisisnodifferentfromrunningabed-and-breakfast(家庭旅店),owningatimeshare(分时度假房）orparticipatinginacarpool.Buttechnologyhasreducedtransactioncosts,makingsharingassetscheaperandeasierthanever—andthereforepossibleonamuchlargerscale.Thebigchangeistheavailabilityofmoredataaboutpeopleandthings,whichallowsphysicalassetstobedividedandconsumedasservices.Beforetheinternet,rentingasurfboard,apowertooloraparkingspacefromsomeoneelsewasfeasible,butwasusuallymoretroublethanitwasworth.NowwebsitessuchasAirbnb,RelayRidesandSnapGoodsmatchupownersandrenters；smartphoneswithGPSletpeopleseewherethenearestrentablecarisparked;socialnetworksprovideawaytocheckuponpeopleandbuildtrust;andonlinepaymentsystemshandlethebilling.What'smineisyours,forafeeB)Justaspeer-to-peerbusinesseslikeeBayallowanyonetobecomearetailer,sharingsitesletindividualsactasanadhoc(临时的）taxiservice,car-hirefirmorboutiquehotel(精品酒店〉asandwhenitsuitsthem.Justgoonlineordownloadanapp.Themodelworksforitemsthatareexpensivetobuyandarewidelyownedbypeoplewhodonotmakefulluseofthem.Bedroomsandcarsarethemostobviousexamples,butyoucanalsorentcampingspacesinSweden,fieldsinAustraliaandwashingmachinesinFrance.Asadvocatesofthesharingeconomyliketoputit,accesstrumps（胜过）ownership.C)RachelBotsman,theauthorofabookonthesubject,saystheconsumerpeer-to-peerrentalmarketaloneisworth$26billion.Broaderdefinitionsofthesharingeconomyincludepeer-to-peerlendingorputtingasolarpanelonyourroofandsellingpowerbacktothegrid(电网）.Anditisnotjustindividuals;thewebmakesiteasierforcompaniestorentoutspareofficesandidlemachines,too.Butthecoreofthesharingeconomyispeoplerentingthingsfromeachother.D)Suchcollaborative(合作的）consumptionisagoodthingforseveralreasons.Ownersmakemoneyfromunderusedassets.AirbnbsayshostsinSanFranciscowhorentouttheirhomesdosoforanaverageof58nightsayear,making$9300.CarownerswhorenttheirvehiclestoothersusingRelayRidesma