研究生涉海英语课后习题答案unit-2

1Unit2MarineBiologyTextAPartIUnderstandingandLearningBackgroundinformation1.MarinebiologyMarinebiologyisthescientificstudyoforganismsintheoceanorothermarineorbrackishbodiesofwater.Giventhatinbiologymanyphyla(类群),familiesandgenera(属)havesomespeciesthatliveintheseaandothersthatliveonland,marinebiologyclassifiesspeciesbasedontheenvironmentratherthanontaxonomy（分类学）.Marinebiologydiffersfrommarineecologyasmarineecologyisfocusedonhoworganismsinteractwitheachotherandtheenvironment,andbiologyisthestudyoftheorganismsthemselves.Marinelifeisavastresource,providingfood,medicine,andrawmaterials,inadditiontohelpingtosupportrecreationandtourismallovertheworld.Atafundamentallevel,marinelifehelpsdeterminetheverynatureofourplanet.Marineorganismscontributesignificantlytotheoxygencycle,andareinvolvedintheregulationoftheEarth'sclimate.Shorelinesareinpartshapedandprotectedbymarinelife,andsomemarineorganismsevenhelpcreatenewland.Marinebiologycoversagreatdeal,fromthemicroscopic,includingmostzooplanktonandphytoplanktontothehugecetaceans(whales)whichreachuptoareported30meters(98feet)inlength.2.HydrothermalventsAhydrothermalventisafissureinaplanet'ssurfacefromwhichgeothermallyheatedwaterissues.Hydrothermalventsarecommonlyfoundnearvolcanicallyactiveplaces,areaswheretectonicplates（地壳板块）aremovingapart,oceanbasins,andhotspots.Hydrothermalventsexistbecausetheearthisbothgeologicallyactiveandhaslargeamountsofwateronitssurfaceandwithinitscrust.Commonlandtypesincludehotsprings,fumaroles（喷气孔）andgeysers.Underthesea,hydrothermalventsmayformfeaturescalledblacksmokers.Relativetothemajorityofthedeepsea,theareasaroundsubmarinehydrothermalventsarebiologicallymoreproductive,oftenhostingcomplexcommunitiesfueledbythechemicalsdissolvedintheventfluids.Chemosyntheticarchaea（古生菌）formthebaseofthefoodchain,supportingdiverseorganisms,includinggianttubeworms,clams,limpetsandshrimp.ActivehydrothermalventsarebelievedtoexistonJupiter'smoonEuropa,andancienthydrothermalventshavebeenspeculatedtoexistonMars.DetailedStudyoftheText1.Someofthecurrenteventsinmarinebiologyarehighlightedintheupcomingparagraphs.(Para.1)Meaning:Inthefollowingparagraphs,someofthecurrenteventsinbiologyarebeingemphasizedandmakeyouthinkaboutthem.2.Duetothedepletionofozonelayer,thefloatingplanktonsareatriskofgettingexposedto2deleteriousraysofthesun.(Para.3)Meaning:Becausetheozonelayerisdecreasedmarkedly,thefloatingplanktonsarefacingthedangerofbeingexposedtoharmfulraysofthesun.depletion:n.theactofdecreasingsomethingmarkedlyTheCleanAirActof1970,theyeartheEPAwasestablished,wasevenmorerobust,andsubsequentamendmentsin1977and1990addressedozonedepletionandacidrain.1970年制订的空气清洁法案，即在EPA成立那一年，实施力度更为强硬，随后分别在1977年和1990年两次修订法案，增加了导致臭氧层损害和酸雨的条款。depletev.useup(resourcesormaterials)Thissuggeststhatthereremainsasubstantialneedtodepletestocksfurther.这表明当前需要进一步削减存货量。deleteriousa.harmfultolivingthingsTheoxidesofnitrogencanhavedeleteriouseffectsonmaterials,vegetation,andanimalandhumanlife.氮的氧化物对物质、植物、动物和人类生活有毒害效应。Monthaftermonth,reportsmountofthedeleteriouseffectsofrisingcarbonlevels.月复一月，一篇篇关于碳元素增加、有害环境的报告不断累积。3.Sinceironisararenutrientintheocean,manyscientistsareoftheopinionthatintroductionofirondustwillfavorthegrowthofplankton,ultimatelyhelpingincarbonabsorptionandreducingglobalwarming.(Para.4)Meaning:Sinceironisararenutrientintheocean,manyscientistsholdtheopinionthattheleading-inofirondustwillpromotethegrowthofplankton,thusbeinghelpfultoabsorbcarbonandreduceglobalwarming.Note:Pleasenotethepresentparticipleinthesentence“…,ultimatelyhelpingincarbonabsorptionandreducingglobalwarming.”Itisfunctionedasadverbialofresult.Itisusuallyputattheendofthesentence.e.g.Thenewmachineswillworkfaster,ultimatelyreducingourcost.Thesnowlastedaweek,ultimatelyresultinginaseriousconfusioninthewholearea.nutrient:n.anysubstancethatcanbemetabolizedbyanorganismtogiveenergyandbuildtissuea.oforprovidingnourishmentIntheSouthernOcean,ironisindeedthelimitingnutrient.在南冰洋海域，铁元素是限制性营养元素。Inherfirstbooksheexplainedtheroleofvegetablefibers,vitamins,minerals,andotheressentialnutrients.在她第一本书中，她解释了植物纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他重要营养物质的作用。Theamountandtypeofcarbohydrateinpetfoodaffectsthenutrientvaluetheanimalactuallygets.宠物食品中碳水化合物的数量和种类会影响动物实际得到的营养价值。4.Iftheresultisnotsatisfactory,thereisnotpointinusingfishjustforthesakeofextractingoil.(Para.5)Meaning:Iftheresultoftheresearchisnotcertainonwhetherfishoilisreallygoodforhealthornot,thereisnomeaningtokillfishinordertoobtainoilfromit.extractv.obtainfromasubstance；remove,usuallywithsomeforceoreffort;alsousedinanabstractsenseCitricacidcanbeextractedfromthejuiceoforanges,lemons,limesorgrapefruit.柠檬酸可以从橙汁、柠檬汁、酸橙汁或柚子汁中提取。3Adentistmaydecidetoextractthetoothtopreventrecurrenttrouble.牙医可能会决定拔掉这颗牙，以防复发。Britain'stradefigurescannolongerbeextractedfromexport-and-importdocumentationatports.英国的贸易数字再也不能从各港口的进出口文件中摘取了。Hesoughttoextractthemaximumpoliticaladvantagefromthecutininterestrates.他力图从利息削减中谋取最大的政治利益。5.Theprimecausefortransmissionofthishumanpathogentomarinecoralsisthedisposalofuntreatedwastewaterorsewagethatmakesitswaytoseawater.(Para.