音乐基本用语

1.键盘/keyboard键盘是一组杠杆或音键，由演奏者用手指在钢琴，羽管键琴，翼琴或类似的键盘乐器上按压，或者用手指按压风琴的键盘，或用脚踩管风琴的踏板或脚键盘。这个词汇广泛应用于键盘乐，以及各种键盘乐器。Akeyboardisasetofleversorkeys,tobedepressedbythefingersofaplayeronthepiano,harpsichord,clavichordorsimilarkeyboardinstrument,oronthemanualbythefingers,oronthepedalsorpedal-boardoftheorganwiththefeet.Thewordisusedgenerally,asinkeyboardmusic,musicforanykeyboardinstrument.2.白键组/Whitekeypattern在现代键盘乐器中，音键通常有白和黑两种颜色。早期键盘乐器的音键颜色的功用或许正相反。现代的白键构成一组全音和半音或相邻音间的半音。白键上的主要音阶可用于字谱上，C调，E和F之间的半音，B和C之间的半音的初始演奏。Onmodernkeyboardinstrumentskeysforthefingersaregenerallycolouredwhiteandblack.Onearlierkeyboardinstrumentsthecolouringmaybereversed.Themodernwhitekeysformapatternofwholestepsorwholetonesandhalfstepsorsemitonesbetweenadjacentnotes.Amajorscaleonthewhitenotesmaybeplayedstarting,inletternotation,onC,withhalfsteps(semitones)betweenEandF,andBandC.[Illustrationofkeyboard,lettersonnotes]3.黑键组/Blackkeypattern现代键盘乐器的黑键音在相邻的白音符间，构成全音，可演奏半音。在字谱上，黑音符见于C和D,D和E,F和G,G和A,A和B之间。黑键可演奏五声音阶。Onmodernkeyboardinstrumentsblackkeyscomebetweenthoseadjacentwhitenotesthatformawholesteporwholetone,providingahalfsteporsemitone.InletternotationtheblacknotesarefoundbetweenCandD,DandE,FandG,GandA,andAandB.Theblackkeysprovidethenotesofthepentatonicscale.[illustrationofkeyboard]4.相邻钢琴键/Adjacentpianokeys相邻钢琴键为半音。依上行顺序或下行顺序演奏，构成半音阶。Adjacentpianokeysareahalfsteporsemitoneapart.Playedinascendingordescendingordertheyformachromaticscale.5.半音/Halfstep半音是西方音乐通用键盘中最小的音程。在键盘上，半音是相邻的两个音之间的距离，白键或黑键，升调或降调。AhalfsteporsemitoneisthesmallestintervalonthenormalkeyboardinWesternmusic.Onthekeyboarditistheintervalbetweenadjacentnotes,whiteorblack,ascendingordescending.6.全音/Wholestep全音是由两个半音组成的音程。Awholestep,wholetoneortone,isanintervalmadeupoftwohalfstepsorsemitones.7.音高/Pitch音符的音高是根据振动的次数或频率，音在常规上的高度或深度。音乐会音高是国际通用的标准音高，为高于中C的A音，每秒振动440次，但也存在分歧。几个世纪以来，音高不断演变，有时，不同的音乐或乐器应用不同的音高。一些打击乐器没有音高，耳朵无法辨认音高。绝对音高是指一些人所具备的单凭听觉即可辨认音高的能力。相对音高是指可以辨认提示音准和其他音。Thepitchofanoteisitsperceivedheightordepthinconventionalterms,accordingtothenumberofvibrationsorfrequency.ConcertpitchisaninternationallyagreedstandardpitchwiththeAabovemiddleCat440vibrationspersecond,buttherehavebeendivergencesfromthis.Pitcheshavevariedoverthecenturies,sometimeswithdifferentpitchesusedfordifferentformsofmusicordifferentinstruments.Somepercussioninstrumentsareunpitched,lackingarecognisablepitchtotheear.Absolutepitchorreferstotheabilitysomehavetoidentifypitchesbyhearingalone.Relativepitchisthatperceivedbetweenagivennoteandanothernote.8.高音/Higherpitch高音即为高振动率的音，通用描述为每秒振动的次数多为高，每秒振动次数较少为低Higherpitchindicatesanoteatahigherfrequency,followingtheconventionaldescriptionofnoteswithagreaternumberofvibrationspersecondashigh,andwithasmallernumberaslow.9.低音/Lowerpitch高音即为低振动率的音，根据通用描述，每秒振动次数较少为低，每秒振动的次数多为高。Lowerpitchindicatesanoteoflowerfrequency,followingtheconventionaldescriptionofnoteswithasmallernumberofvibrationspersecondaslow,andwithagreaternumberashigh.10.音名/Letternames音名是指讲英语的国家以字母A至G辨认音符的习惯。在德国，增加了字母H表示B（德文中的B相当于降B，其他音符用以标记升或者降）。在法国，西班牙和意大利，则运用建立在传统唱名基础上的一套标准。LetternamesorletternotationreferstothecustominEnglish-speakingcountriesofidentifyingnotesbylettersfromAtoG.InGermanytheletterHisaddedtodenoteB(GermanB=Bflat,andotherlettersaremodifiedtoindicatesharpsorflats).InFrench,SpanishandItalianasystembasedontraditionalsol-faisused.11.八度音阶/Octave八度音阶是包括八个音的音程，第八个音与第一个音的音名相同。高八度的振动频率是低音的两倍。也就是说，440音高的A，升到880，1760等等。低八度音阶，因此，低于440的A每秒振动220次，一个低八度每秒振动110次。Anoctaveisanintervalregardedasincludingeightsteps,theeighthofwhichhasthesameletternameasthefirstnote.Ascendingoctavesdoublethefrequencyofthelowernote.ThusAat440risestoAat880,1760andsoon.Theloweroctaveshalvethenumberofvibrationspersecond,sothattheAbelowAat440has220vibrationspersecond,andanoctavelowerhas110vibrationspersecond.12.半音/Semitones半音是西方音乐普通键盘中最小的音程。在键盘上，其为相邻音间，白键或黑键间，上行或下行间的音程。Semitonesarehalfsteps,thesmallestintervalonthenormalkeyboardinWesternmusic.Onthekeyboardittheintervalbetweenadjacentnotes,whiteorblack,ascendingordescending.13.变化音阶/Chromaticsemitone变化音阶为两个相同音名间的半音音程，例如F到升F，A到降A。在键盘上，升F于降G有着相同的音名，降A与升G有着相同的音名。在灵活性较强的乐器上可能会有所不同。Achromaticsemitoneistheintervalofasemitoneorhalfstepbetweennotesofthesamelettername,e.g.FtoFsharp,AtoAflat.OnthekeyboardFsharpisthesamenoteasGflat,andAflatthesameasGsharp.Onmoreflexibleinstrumentsadistinctionmaybemade.14.自然半音/Diatonicsemitone自然半音是不同音名间的半音音程，例如F到降G，A到升G。在键盘上，降G和升F是同一个音，升G和降A是同一个音，在灵活性较强的乐器上可能会有所不同。Adiatonicsemitoneistheintervalofasemitoneorhalfstepbetweennotesofadifferentlettername,e.g.FtoGflat,AtoGsharp.OnthekeyboardGflatisthesamenoteasFsharp,andGsharpthesameasAflat.Onmoreflexibleinstrumentsadistinctionmaybemade.1.音乐记谱法/MusicNotation音乐记谱法是指音符的书写。历史上有多种不同的形式。近几个世纪的西方音乐所用的标准方法是采用五线谱的形式，但是运用了不同形式的音名，在一些现代音乐中运用的新形式的图示记谱法，早期，指法谱，由专为特定乐器设计的字母，数字，五线谱组成。也有一种数字谱，因为某种需要，替代了传统的字母谱，例如在中国和日本。Musicnotationisthewritingofnotes.Historicallythishastakenvariousforms.ThestandardmethodinWesternmusichasinrecentcenturiesbeenbymeansofstaffnotation,butdifferentformsofletternotationhavebeenused,withimaginativeformsofgraphicnotationinsomecontemporarymus