弗朗西斯培根-ppt课件

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)GeneralintroductionWorksTheoryonphilosophyMottosofBaconSirFrancisBaconBorninLondonin1561inaprominentandwell-connectedfamily,hisfatherSirNicholasBacon,LordkeeperoftheGreatSeal(掌玺大臣)totheQueenElizabeth,shecalledBaconthe“LittleLordkeeper”.Educatedathome.In1573,attheageofjusttwelve,heenteredTrinityCollege,CambridgeIn1576,at16,aftergraduatinghetookuplaw，andcompletedhislawdegreein1582;In1588hewasnamedlecturerinlegalstudiesatGray’sInn(格雷法律学院)andelectedtoParliamentin1584asamemberoftheHouseofCommonsFrom1604-1618，hefilledasuccessionofhigh-profileadvisorypositions:1604–AppointedKing’sCounsel.王室法律顾问1607–NamedSolicitorGeneral.副检察长1608–AppointedClerkoftheStarChamber.1613–AppointedAttorneyGeneral.首席检察官1616–MadeamemberofthePrivyCouncil.枢密院顾问1617–AppointedLordKeeperoftheRoyalSeal(hisfather’sformeroffice).掌玺大臣1618–MadeLordChancellorandmadeapeerwiththetitlesofBaronVerulam(维鲁兰男爵)1621—GainedthetitlesofBaronViscountStAlban（奥尔本斯子爵）LaterlifeHewasaadmirablejudge,butinthecourseofhisrisinghehasmadeenemieswhofinallycombinedtobringagainsthimchargesofbriberyandthebetrayalofjustice.Bacon’sguiltlaylessinfinancialcorruptionthanintoogreatreadinesstoallowcourtinfluencetoaffecthislegaldecisions.Hewasconvicted,deprivedofhisoffice,andbanishedfromLondonHediedin1626andspenttheremainingyearsinhisliteracyandphilosophicalworks.FrancisBacon,arepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance,isawell-knownphilosopher,scientist,essayistandthefounderofinduction(归纳法)HedevotedalmosthalfofhislifetopoliticalcareerwhileknownasaphilosophicaladvocateanddefenderofthescientificrevolutionBacon’sWorks1.Philosophical:AdvancementofLearning（论学术的进展）(1605)NovumOrganum（新工具论）(1620)2.Literary:Essays论说随笔文集(1625)TheNewAtlantics新亚特兰蒂斯3.Professional:MaximoftheLaw格言集ReadingontheStatuteofUses阅读在法令的应用AgreattractoneducationInthisbookBaconhighlypraisedknowledge,refutingtheobjectionstolearningGreatsignificance:inBacon’stime,hisseparationtheologyfromscientificobservationandexperimentmakesagreatstepforwardinscienceNovumOrganum(1620)OutstandingtreatisewritteninLatinonmethodologyTheargumentisfortheuseofinductivemethod(归纳法)orreasoning（推理）inscientificstudyBaconadvancedthenecessityofacccurateobservations&experimentationShowsthenewempiricalattitudetowardtruthaboutnatureSectionIIITheoryonphilosophy“TherealfatherofEnglishmaterialismandexperimentalsciencesofmoderntimesingeneral”--------MarxTheBaconianSystemofPhilosophyBacon’sphilosophyemphasizesthebeliefthatpeoplearetheservantsandinterpretersofnature,thattruthisnotderivedfromauthority,andthatknowledgeisthefruitofexperience.Hepresentsusanewworldviewofmaterialism,whichgetsridoftheprejudiceandobscurationofscholasticism(经院哲学)andtheological（神学上的）basis.Epistemology:认识论Empiricism经验主义1.adoctrinethatallknowledgeisbasedonexperience2.Sense&experienceBaconthoughtthatthesenseorganistheonlywaythatcanbeusedbypeopletoknowthisobjectiveworld.Althoughheemphasizedtheimportanceofsensationalexperience,hedidn’tregarditastheabsolutelawforthelimitationsofsenseorgansScientificmethodology（科学方法论）:Inductivemethod（归纳法）/reasoning（推理）inscientificstudyInductionimpliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.Inthecontextofhistime,suchmethodswereconnectedwiththeoccult(超自然的)trendsofhermeticism(赫尔墨斯神智学)andalchemy炼金术Hisworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod.methodologyMottosbyBaconWivesareyoungmen’smistresses,companion’sformiddleage,andoldmen’snurse妻子是年轻时的情人，中年时的伴侣，老年的陪护livetolearn,butlearntolive活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着Itisastrangedesiretoseekpowerandtoloseliberty,ortoseekpoweroverothersandtolosepoweroveraman'sself.为追求权力而失去自由，为追求统治别人的权力而失去自身的权力，这是一种不可思议的欲望。。Moneyisagoodservantandabadmaster.金钱是善仆，也是恶主。Moneyislikemuck,notgoodexceptitbespread.金钱好比粪肥，只有撒到大地才是有用Beautyislikearichstone,bestplainset.美貌就像宝石，不用装饰最好。Thesumofbehavioristoretainaman'sowndignity,withoutin-truinguponthelibertyofothers.人的行为准则是，——维护自己的尊严而又不妨碍他人的自由TheEssaysarepopularfor3reasons:1.TheliteraryformwasnewtotheEnglishaudience;2.Theessayscoveravarietyofsubjects;3.Theessaysaresinewythoughshort,fullofwisdom,andelegantlyphrased.TheorganizationPart1:Thepurposeofstudies.Part2:Themethods/measuresofreadingPart3:ThebenefitsofreadingOfStudies“Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.”读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。Readinghasthreefunctions.Itdelightsyou;Itbeautifiesyou;anditstrengthensyourability.Part1privateness:privatelifediscourse:carryingonaconversationThedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement.Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers.Thewayreadingstrengthensyourabilityliesinyouractofjudging,howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit.Howtoreadbooks?Part2MethodOne“Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.”Do