Functional--Theories-of-Translation

Chapter5FunctionalTheoriesofTranslation—byGroup4IntroductionThe1970’sand1980’ssawastaticmoveawayfromthelinguistictypologiesoftranslationshiftsandemergenceandflourshinginGermanyofafunctionlistandcommunicativeapproachtotheanalysisoftranslation.Inthischapter,welookat:●KatharinaReiss’searlyworkontexttypeandlanguagefunction;●JustaHolz-Mänttäri’stheoryoftranslationalaction;●HansJ.Vermeer’sSkopostheorywhichcenteredonthepurposeoftheTT;●ChristianeNord’smoredetailedtext-analysismodelwhichcontunuedthefunctionalisttraditioninthe1990s.德国功能学派翻译理论德国功能派翻译理论的形成历经四个发展阶段，主要包括：凯瑟林娜·赖斯(KatharinaReiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论汉斯·费米尔(HansVermeer)的目的论贾斯塔·赫兹·曼塔利(Holz-Mänttäri)的翻译行为理论克里斯蒂安·诺德(ChristianeNord)的功能加忠诚理论。HansVermeer（汉斯·费米尔）MajorRepresentativesKatharinaReiss(凯瑟林娜·赖斯)ChristianeNord（克里斯蒂安·诺德）JustaHolz-Mänttäri（贾斯塔·赫兹·曼塔利）KatharinaReissKatharinaReiss(1859-1924)wasborninUlm,GermanyanddiedinRenchen,Germany.ShemarriedAugustBergeronMay6,1889.Herworkbuildsontheviewsthetext,ratherthanthewordorsentence,asthelevelatwhichcommunicationisachievedandatwhichequivalencemustbesought.(P73)TextType(P73)Classificationoftextsas:Plaincommunicationoffacts—InformativeCreativecomposition—ExpressiveInducingbehavioralresponses—OperativeAudiomedialtextsFunctionalcharacteristicsoftexttypesandlinkstotranslationmethods(P74)informative------------------------expressiveOperativereferenceworkreportlecturebiographyplaypoemoperatinginstructionstouristbrochureofficialspeechsatiresermonelectoralspeechadvertisementReiss’stexttypesandtextvarietiesSpecifictranslationmethodssuggestedbyher(P75)TheTTofaninformativetextshouldtransmitthefullreferentialofconceptualcontentoftheST.TheTTofanexpressivetextshouldtransmittheaestheticandartisticformoftheST.TheTTofanoperativetextshouldproducethedesiredresponseintheTTreceiver.Audio-medialtextsrequirethe“supplementary”method.※Intralinguisticcriteria:semantic,lexical,grammaticalandstylisticfeatures;※Extralinguisticcriteria:situation,subjectfield,time,place,receiver,senderand“affectiveimplications”(humour,irony,emotion,etc.).IntralinguisticandExtralinguisticInstructionCriteria(P75)CriticismsofReiss’sWork(P76)Fawcett:whythereshouldonlybethreetypesoflanguagefunction;Nord:feelingtheneedtoaddafourth‘phatic’function,coveringlanguagethatestablishesormaintainscontactbetweenthepartiesinvolvedinthecommunication;Others：howReiss’sproposedtranslationmethodsaretobeappliedinthecaseofaspecifictext.JustaHolz-Mänttäri’stheoryoftranslationalactiontakesintoaccountpracticalissueswhile,atthesametime,placestheemphasisfirmlyonthereaderoftheTT.Thismeans,forexample,thatthingslikethesourcetexttypemaybealtered，ifitisdeemedtobeinappropriateforthetargetculture.(P77)Translationalactionviewstranslationaspurpose-driven,outcome-orientedhumaninteractionandfocusesontheprocessoftranslationasmessage-transmittercompounds(信息翻译综合体）involvinginterculturaltransfer.TranslationalAction(P77)Acommunicativeprocessinvolves:Theinitiator(翻译的发起者)Thecommissioner(委托人)TheSTproducer(原文生产者)TheTTproducer(译文生产者）TheTTuser(译文使用者)TheTTreceiver(译文接受者)TranslatorialactionfocusesverymuchonproducingaTTthatisfunctionallycommunicativeforthereceiver,theSTisanalyzedsolelyforitsconstructionandfunctionprofile.ProsandConsSomescholarspraiseHolz-Manttari’sconceptoftranslatorialactionforplacingtranslationwithinitssocialculturalcontext＆describingtheprofessionalprofileofthetranslator.Meanwhileshealsoreceivescriticismforthecomplexityofitsjargonandlackofculturaldifferenceinmoredetailorinthekindsoftermsproposedbytheculturalorientedmodels.SkoposTheorySkoposaim/purposein1970sinGermanyHansJ.Vermeer(弗米尔）(1930-2010)Purposeofatranslation&oftheactionoftranslatingHansVermeer•1930—2010•德国目的学派重要创始人，杰出的语言学家，熟谙十多钟语言。•德国美因茨大学和海德堡大学翻译学院教授，长期从事翻译教学研究工作。•主要著作有：《翻译理论文集》（1983）、《普通翻译理论原理》(1984与其老师Reiss合著)、《目的与翻译委任—论文集》（1989）、《翻译目的理论：正论与反论》（1996）SkoposTheorymajorworkonit:•GrundlegungeinerallgemeineTranslations-theorieGroundworkforaGeneralTheoryofTranslation《普通翻译理论原理》•WrittenbyVermeer&KatharinaReissin1984determinestranslationmethodsandstrategiesthataretobeemployedinordertoproduceafunctionallyadequateresultthepurposeofthetranslationTT/translatumSkopostheorypredatesthetranslationalactiontheory,butitcanbeconsideredtobepartofHolz-Mänttäri’stheory.Sowhy?Page79:SkopostheorydealswithatranslationalactionwhichisST-based,whichhastobenegotiatedandperformed,andwhichhasapurposeandaresult(Vermeer1989/2000:221).Therefore，inskopostheory,knowingwhyanSTistobetranslatedandwhatthefunctionoftheTTwillbearecrucialforthetranslatorNote4:inpage79&page199SkoposTheoryBasicunderlying“rules”ofthetheory:inpage791.Atranslatum(TT)isdeterminedbyitsskopos.2.ATTisanofferofinformationinatargetcultureandTLconcerninganofferofinformationinasourcecultureandSL.3.ATTdoesnotinitiateanofferofinformationinaclearlyreversibleway.4.ATTmustbeinternallycoherent.5.ATTmustbecoherentwiththeST.6.Thefiverulesabovestandinhierarchicalorder,withtheskoposrulepredominating.SkoposTheory•ExplanationforRule2’simportance:ItrelatestheSTandTTtotheirfunctionintheirrespectivelinguisticandcultur