翻译抉择-文本-功能-类型分析

KatharinaReiss（凯瑟琳娜·莱斯）Type,Kind,andIndividualityofTextDecisionmakingintranslation《翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性》AgendaTheBasicIntroductionoftheAuthorTheoryOutlinePracticalApplicationKatharinaReiss凯瑟琳娜·莱斯•Germanlinguistandtranslationscholar.•Herworkshavebeenimportantinthefieldoftranslationcriticism.•SheisadefenderoftheSkopostheory（目的论）.works•TranslationCriticism:ThePotentialsandLimitations.CategoriesandCriteriaforTranslationQualityAssessment.《翻译批评的可能性和限制》•(withHansVermeer)GrundlegungeinerallgemeinenTranslationstheorie.《普通翻译理论原理》《翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性》•分析阶段（phraseofanalysis）：要确定原文的功能类型（texttype）和文本体裁（textvariety），然后进行文本外部语言分析。•重述阶段（phraseofreverbalization）：在上一步的基础上组织目标文本的结构，文本功能决定一般翻译方法，体裁决定语言和篇章结构。•1.0Generalpreliminaryremarks1.1Interlingualtranslation1.2Communicationcompriseslinguisticandnon-linguisticaction1.3Asignificantfactorfortranslating•2.0Phraseofanalysis(threestages)2.1Establishmentofthetext-type2.2Establishmentofthetextvariety2.3Establishmentoftheanalysisofstyle•3.0Phaseofreverbalization3.1Normalcases3.2Problematiccases3.3Specialcases1.1Interlingualtranslation语际翻译•definedasabilingualmediatedprocessofcommunication,whichordinarilyaimsattheproductionofaTLtextthatisfunctionallyequivalenttoanSLtext.•anidealcommunicativeisrareintranslating.•Becausetheuseoftwonaturallanguagesaswellastheemploymentofthemediumofthetranslatornecessarilyandnaturallyresultinachangeofmessageduringthecommunicativeprocess.•distinguishthechangesbetweenintentionalandunintentionalchangesaffectingthetranslation•Unintentionalchangesmayarisefromthedifferentlanguagestructuresaswellasfromdifferencesintranslatingcompetence.•Intentionalchangesfrequentlyoccurintranslating,iftheaimspursuedinthetranslationaredifferentfromthoseoftheoriginal;if,besidesthelanguagedifferenceoftheTLreaders,thereisachangeinthereadingcircle,etc.1.2Communicationcompriseslinguisticandnon-linguisticaction•Writtentextsaretobecharacterizedas“one-waycommunication”.•non-linguisticelementscontributingtooralcommunicationarepartlyverbalized.(gestures,facialexpressions,speedofspeech,etc.)•thetextanalysisismademoredifficultbythelimitationofexplicitverbalizationofsuchelementsaswellasbythespatio-temporalseparatio（时空分离）betweenaddresserandaddresseeandthelackoffeedbackduringtheactofcommunication.1.3Asignificantfactorfortranslating•Languageissubjecttotheconditionsoftime.Thisalsoappliestolanguageinwrittentexts,whichisasignificantfactorfortranslating.•Twoconsequenceofthefact:•First:SLtextdoesnotguaranteefunctionalequivalencewithTLtextanymore.•Second:thelossofunderstandingoftheoriginalSLtextfunctions2.0Phraseofanalysis(threestages)分析阶段•Establishmentofthe“text-type”文本类型的确立•Establishmentofthe“textvariety”文本体裁的确立•Establishmentoftheanalysisofstyle文本风格的确立2.1Establishmentofthetext-type•Text-type:Aphenomenongoingbeyondasinglelinguisticorculturalcontext.•Thecommunicationofcontent---informativetypeThecommunicationofartisticallyorganizedcontent---expressivetype•Thecommunicationofcontentwithapersuasivecharacter---operativetypePracticalApplication•Reisssuggestsspecifictranslationstrategiesbasedontexttype.•Accordingtothethreeformsoftext-type,threemethodsoftranslationcanbedescribedasfollowing:Informativetype•TheTTofinformativetextshouldtransmitthefullreferentialorconceptualcontentoftheST,thetranslationshouldbeinplainprose(直白的不加修饰的文体),withoutredundancyandwiththeuseofexplicationwhenrequired.•OKQNewZealandfacialmudisadeepcleansingmask,formulatedfromnaturalmineralrichvolcanicmud.Thishighqualitymudmaskwillpenetratedeepintoyourfacialskintoremovedaytodaygrime,impuritiesanddeadskincells.Yourskinwillfeelrefreshedandnaturallyclean.•新西兰OKQ，深层洁面面膜，萃取丰富矿物精华，进入肌肤内部，排除日常尘垢，清理面部杂质、死皮。使肌肤更加清爽、自然。Expressivetype•TheTTofanexpressivetextshouldtransmittheaestheticandartisticformoftheST,thetranslationshouldusetheidentifyingmethod(同一策略）,withthetranslatoradoptingthestandpointoftheSTauthor.E.B.WhiteE.B.怀特•Ienjoylivingamongpedestrianswhohaveaninstinctiveandhabitualrealizationthatthereismoretoajourneythanthemerefactofarrival.•我喜欢与步行者为伍，因为他们有一种本能的，习惯性的意识，知道走在路上不仅仅以为着到达。Operativetype•TheTTofoperativetextshouldproducethedesiredresponseintheTTreceiver,thetranslationshouldapplytheadaptivemethod（顺应策略）,creatinganequivalenteffectamongTTreaders.DeBeers戴尔比斯钻石恒久远一颗永流传•Bethefirsttoknow.——CNN我要消息最灵通。•Goodtothelastdrop．滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖）•Obeyyourthirst．服从你的渴望。（雪碧）Establishmentofthetextvariety•assuper-individualactsofspeechorwriting,whicharelinkedtorecurrentactionsofcommunicationsandinwhichparticularpatternsoflanguageandstructurehavedevelopedbecauseoftheirrecurrenceinsimilarcommunicativeconstellations.•Hence,theestablishmentofthetextvarietyisofdecisiveimportanceforthetranslator,sothathemaynotendangerthefunctionalequivalenceoftheTLtextbynaivelyadoptingSLconventions.Establishmentoftheanalysisofstyle•Letstyleinthisconnectionbeunderstoodtomeantheadhocselectionoflinguisticsigns(语言符号)andoftheirpossibilitiesofcombinationsuppliedbythelanguagesystem.•Firstly,whatlinguisticmeansareusedtorealizespecificcommunicativefunctions.•Secondly,howthetextisconstructed.3.0Phaseo