英语国家概况加拿大Canada

AnIntroductiontoCanadianCultureMarcUptonCANADA’sHISTORYNativeAmericanslivedinCanadaforthousandsofyears.Intheearly1600s,colonistsfromBritainandFrancebegantosettleineasternCanada,alongtheSt.LawrenceRiver.Canadaprovedtobeanexcellentspotfortrappingandtradingoffurs.Inthe1800s,settlersbegantopushwest.MostofthenativeAmericansweredisplacedbytheEuropeans.Land&Climate•Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworld,withover3,851,877squaremilesofland2varyinginclimatefrompermafrostinthenorthtofourdistinctseasonsofspring,summer,fall,andwinternearertheequator3.•Canadahas10provinces;BritishColumbia,Alberta,Saskatchewan,Manitoba,Ontario,Quebec,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,Newfoundland&Labrador,and3territories;Yukon,Northwestterritories,Nunavut6.ThecapitalcityisOttawa,inOntario11.•7%ofCanada’slandmassiscoveredwithover2millionlakes,thelargestbeingtheNorthwestTerritories’GreatBearLake4.•Anestimated14%oftheworld’sfreshwatersupplyislocatedinCanada4.•SomeofCanada’snaturalresourcesare;ironore,nickel,zinc,copper,gold,lead,rareearthelements,molybdenum,potash,diamonds,silver,fish,timber,wildlife,coal,petroleum,naturalgas,andhydropower8.BanffNationalParkGovernmentResponsibilities•Thefederalgovernmentisresponsibleforthingseffectingtheentirecountrysuchascitizenship,immigration,nationaldefense,tradewithothercountries12,thebankingsystem,criminalcode,andindigenouspopulations8.Thefederalgovernmentalsohassomeinvolvementinthingslikeemployment,insurance,andMedicarethatwereoncecontrolledbytheprovinces,becauseofthegreaterresourcesofthefederalgovernment8.•Theprovincesorterritorieshaveresponsibilityforthingslikeeducation,highways,healthcare,andwelfare8.•Inareaswithamunicipalgovernment,themunicipalgovernmentisresponsibleforlocalmatterslikefirefightingandcitystreets12.QueenElizabethIIGovernorGeneral:DavidJohnstonOttawaEconomy•TheeconomyinCanadaisthe9thstrongest17intheworld8.Thesubstantialgrowthofthemanufacturing,mining,andservicesectorsinCanadasinceWorldWarIIhasrevampedthenationfromaprimarilyruraleconomyintoonepredominantlyindustrialandurban8.•Canadaisthe10thlargestexporterofoilandthe3rdlargestexporterofnaturalgasintheworld17.•CanadaisthelargestforeignsupplierofenergytotheUnitedStates,including;oil,gas,uranium,andalsoelectricpower8.VancouverEconomy•Asof2014thereareanestimated18.85millionpeopleintheCanadianworkforce8.•Percentagesofoccupationsheldinthelaborforcein2006:agriculture:2%,manufacturing:13%,construction:6%,services:76%,other:3%8•Althoughmanypeoplereapthebenefitsofastrongeconomy,7.3%ofthepopulationwasunemployedin2012andmorethan9%oftheCanadianpopulationlivesinpovertyasofanestimatedonein20088.•14.8%ofCanadiansages15-24areunemployed.•Canadaisaleaderintheproductionofgold,silver,copper,uranium,oil,naturalgas,agriculture,woodpulp,andtimber-relatedproducts8.•.TheaverageminimumwageinCanada$10.10.&theworkforceCurrency•AllofCanadausestheCanadianDollar20.•Thereareno1or2dollarbillsinCanada,theyhavebeenreplacedbythe1and2dollarcoins–the“loonie”andthe“toonie”20.•Inhistory,theCanadiandollarhasusuallybeenatleastabitweakerthantheUnitedStatesdollar,butrecentlythetrendhaschanged8.Canadianbillsarebrightlycoloredandeasytodistinguish-whichalsohappenstobeapointofculturalCanadianpride20.ThenewestCanadianbills,releasedin2011,aremadeofpolymerinsteadofpaper21.SymbolsofCanadaJustafewNationalFlagofCanadaTheMapleTreeTheMapleLeafTheCoatofArmsNationalHorseofCanadaTheBeaverTheGreatSealHockey:Canada’snationalwintersportLacrosse:Canada’snationalsummersportTheHealthcareSystem•Oftenreferredtoas“Medicare”,Canada’snationalhealthinsuranceprogram30consistsofagroupofsocializedhealthinsuranceplansthatprovidepubliclyfundedhealthcarecoveragetomostallthecitizensofCanadaregardlessofmedicalhistory,personalincome,orstandardofliving.Healthcareisadministeredonaprovincialorterritorialbasis,withguidelinesthataresetbythefederalgovernment29.•Citizensareprovidedpreventativecare,medicaltreatmentsfromprimarycarephysicians,accesstohospitals,dentalsurgeryandsomeadditionalmedicalservices29.Theaveragenumberofphysiciansper1,000peopleinCanadais:2.1.46TorontoHealthStatistics•Currentsmokers24:19.9%•PercentageofCanadianswithadoctor24:84.7%•PercentageofCanadiansthatdrinkheavily24:19%•PercentageofCanadianswithhighbloodpressure24:17.6%•Lifeexpectancyformales24:78.8years•Lifeexpectancyforfemales8:84.2years•Percentageofoverweightorobeseadults24:52.1%•Percentageofoverweightorobeseyouth(age12-17)24:20.4%•Percentageofleisuretimededicatedtophysicalactivity24:53.8%Education•-InCanada,theeducationsystemismadeupofbothpublicandprivateschools,including;communitycolleges,technicalinstitutes,secondaryschools,universities,universitycolleges,careercolleges,summercamps,andlanguageschools34.•UndertheCanadianconstitutioneachprovincehasresponsibilityforit’seducationalsystem2.•Canadianchildrengenerallyvoluntarilyattendkindergartenforoneortwoyearsattheageoffourorfive34.•AllchildrenbeginGradeOneataboutsixyearsofage34.•TheschoolyearlastsfromSeptembertothefollowingJune34.•Dependingonwhatprovinceyouarein,secondaryschoolsgoupt