课件-Jonathan-Swift

JonathanSwift(1667—1745)JonathanSwift(1667—1745）LifestoryBorninDublin,Ireland,asaposthumouschild(遗腹子)aidfromrelativesgrudgingly(unwillingly)atwarwithAuthorities;“specialfavor”Temple’shouseasaprivatesecretaryhelpthetalentedyoungmaninobscurityAfflictedwithabraindiseaseandunabletomarryMoreWedon’tKnowaboutSwift…Anglo-IrishFather:soughtfortuneinIreland;Mother:EnglishFamily:strongliteraryconnectionsEducation:OffandonbytheGloriousRevolutionin1688Readprofoundly;familiarwithpoliticsStruggledbetweentheToriesandtheWhigsMadefriendswithPopeLovedwithEstherJohnson-“Stella”AmbitionunrealizedAnationalheroinIrelandWhatWeHavetoKnowaboutSwift..LifeExperienceWorksSatireTherelationshipbetweenSwift’slifeexperience,majorworksandsatireSatireDefinitionTheliteraryartofderogatingasubjectbymakingitridiculousandevokingtowarditattitudesofamusement,contempt,scorn,orindignation.----AGlossaryofLiteraryTerms使某一主体显得荒谬可笑，引起读者对这一主体产生乐趣、鄙夷、蔑视或愤慨的态度，并以此来贬低这一主体。---《文学术语词典》SatireIntentionSatireuseslaughterasaweapon,andagainstabuttthatexistsoutsidetheworkitself,includinganindividual,atypeofperson,aclass,aninstitution,anationoreventheentirehumanrace.----AGlossaryofLiteraryTerms讽刺将笑作为武器，抨击存在于作品之外的某个对象，包括某个人，或某种人，某个阶级，某个机构，某个国家，甚至整个人类。---《文学术语词典》SatireSatiricWaysformalsatire:personainthefirstpersonindirectsatire:indirectformtothereaderSatiricPurposesToblendacriticalattitudewithhumorandwit,inorderthathumaninstitutionsorhumanitymaybeimproved.Tocreateashockofrecognitionandtomakevicerepulsivetothepersonorsociety.SatireSatirecriticize:a)What:humanorindividualvices,follies,abuses,orshortcomings.b)How:ridicule嘲弄;caricature讽刺;parody戏仿;Irony反讽…c)Why:toinspiresocialreformandimprovehumannature.WhatCanWeFindOut…CausesofSatireinLifeExperiencePoorGrowthFeelingofUnfairnessSenseofConceit自负LoveofFairLibertyWhatCanWeFindOut…RepresentationofSatireinWorksATaleofaTub《木桶的故事》TheBattleofBooks《书籍之战》AModestProposal《一个温和的建议》Epitaph《墓志铭》ATaleofaTubAfather(Christ)Coats(Christiandoctrines)Peter:RomanCatholicsMartin:AnglicansJack:PuritansAsatireuponallreligioussects.TheBattleoftheBooksTheBee&theSpiderTocollecthoney&tospinwebTheancientwriters&themodernwritersHomer,Aristotle,Plato;Milton,Bacon…Itisasatireonpedantryintheliteraryworld.AModestProposal(extracts)Fulltitle:AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeoplefromBeingaBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry,andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublicIhavebeenassuredbyaveryknowingAmericanofmyacquaintanceinLondon,thatayounghealthychildwellnursedisatayearoldamostdelicious,nourishing,andwholesomefood,whetherstewed,roasted,baked,orboiled;andImakenodoubtthatitwillequallyserveinafricasseeoraragout.我在伦敦认识一个见识很广的美国人，他向我保证说：一个奶水充足的健康儿童养到一岁，其肉是最鲜美，最滋补、最健康的食品，炖、烤，焙、煮都好，无疑也可油煎作为肉丁或加蔬菜做汤。Idothereforehumblyofferittopublicconsiderationthatofthehundredandtwentythousandchildrenalreadycomputed,twentythousandmaybereservedforbreed,whereofonlyone-fourthparttobemales;whichismorethanweallowtosheep,blackcattleorswine;andmyreasonis,thatthesechildrenareseldomthefruitsofmarriage,acircumstancenotmuchregardedbyoursavages,thereforeonemalewillbesufficienttoservefourfemales.Thattheremaininghundredthousandmay,atayearold,beofferedinthesaletothepersonsofqualityandfortunethroughthekingdom;alwaysadvisingthemothertoletthemsuckplentifullyinthelastmonth,soastorenderthemplumpandfatforagoodtable.Achildwillmaketwodishesatanentertainmentforfriends;andwhenthefamilydinesalone,theforeorhindquarterwillmakeareasonabledish,andseasonedwithalittlepepperorsaltwillbeverygoodboiledonthefourthday,especiallyinwinter.现谨建议如下，祈请公众垂鉴。已统计的十二万名儿童，两万可留下传种，其中四分之一可为男性，此数已超过牛羊猪豕之类留种的比例，理由是这类儿童大多非正式婚姻所生，粗鄙之流亦不介意此点，因此一男可配四女。余下的十万可在一岁时卖给国内有地位有钱者，事前切嘱母亲们在最后一月喂足儿童的奶水，使其肥嫩，以备筵席之用。友朋小集，一儿可作两莱；家庭自享，则一臂一腿可各作一道好菜，若能调以少量胡椒和盐，则存放四天后煮吃仍佳，冬季尤然。Ihavereckoneduponamediumthatachildjustbornwillweigh12pounds,andinasolaryear,iftolerablynursed,increasethto28pounds.我曾计算，初生儿每个平均重12磅，养育得当，一年后可重28磅。Igrantthisfoodwillbesomewhatdear,andthereforeveryproperforlandlords,who,astheyhavealreadydevouredmostoftheparents,seemtohavethebesttitletothechildren.诚然，此类食品不免价昂，但也因此更合地主们享用。他们既已吞食了儿童的父母，当然也最有资格饱餐这些儿童。Butastomyself,havingbeenweariedoutformanyyearswithofferingvain,idle,visionarythoughts,andatlengthdespairingofsuccess,Ifortunatelyfelluponthisproposal,whichasitiswhollynew,soithathsomethingsolidandreal,ofnoexpenseandlittletrouble,fullinourownpower,andwherebywecanincurnodangerindisobligingEngland.Forthiskindofcommoditywillnotbearexportation,thefleshbeingoftootenderaconsistence,toadmitalongcontinuanceinsalt,althoughperhapsIcouldnameacountry,whichwouldbegladtoeatupourwholenationwithoutit.至于我本人，在提了多年空洞、不切实际的意见，劳而无功之后，以为再无良策了，幸而想到这个建议，不但完全是新的，而且内容切实，化钱不多，费事不大，靠我们自力就可实行，因而不会冒得罪英格兰的风险。这类商品不宜出口，因肉质太嫩，不宜长期盐腌——不过我也可以说出一个国家的名字，它是可以不加盐就把我们整个民族吃掉的。Iprofess,inthesincerityofmyheart,thatIhavenottheleastpersonalinterestinendeavoringtopromotethisnecessarywork,havingnoothermotivethanthepublicgoodofmycountry,byadvancingourtrade,providingforinfants,relievingthepoor,andgivingsomepleasuretotherich.IhavenochildrenbywhichIcanproposetogetasinglepenny;theyoun