Edgar-Allan-Poe(1809—1849)埃德加-爱伦坡

EdgarAllanPoe坡(1809—1849)E.A.Poe(1809—1849)Poe’smotherEdgarAllanPoe（1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡•PartI.LifeExperience•PartIILiteraryPosition•PartIII.MajorWorks•PartIV.PointofView•PartV.Style•PartVI.AppreciationThisdaguerreotypeofPoewastakenin1848whenhewas39,ayearbeforehisdeathLifeExperience•Amiserablechildhood:borninBoston,bothparentsdiedwithintwoyearsafterhisbirth,takenintothehomeofJohnAllaninVirginia,hadanunhappyrelationshipwithhisfosterfather•Anunhappyyouth:at17wenttotheUniversityofVirginiabutdidnotfinish,anappointmenttoWestPointbutwasdismissedlessthanayearlater•Astrugglinglife:in1833,becameaneditorofSouthernLiteraryMessengerinRichmond,lostthepositionbecauseofexcessivedrinkingandaninabilitytomeetdeadlines,managedtoregainthejobin1835,at27,marriedhis13year-oldcousin,VirginiaClemm,driftedforseveralyearsaseditorsindifferentmagazinesbutremainedpoorallhislifeEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)“我经常沉湎杯中物，但喝酒并没使我感到半点儿乐趣。我不惜生命和名声，不顾理智，一味喝酒，并非追求乐趣，而是竭力逃避令人痛苦的回忆，逃避无法忍受的孤寂，逃避迫在眼前的大限。”•Abitterandmysteriousdeath:in1847,wifediedoftuberculosis,in1849,diedinmysteriouscircumstancesLifeExperienceamiserablechildhoodwasadoptedbyJohnAllananunhappyrelationshipenteredtheUniversitybutdidn’tfinishwenttoWestPointbutwasdismissedat27hemarriedhis13-year-oldcousinherdeathin1847lefthimabittererlifediedinmysteriouscircumstances,in1849PartII.Poe’sliteraryposition–Forerunnerofwesterndecadent（颓废的）literature–Forerunnerofaesthetic（美学的）literature–Explorerofabnormalpsychology–Fatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism（精神分析批评）–Path-breakerofAmericandetectivenovel–FatherofmodernshortstoryHispositionPoe’spositioninworldliteratureissecure.Hisinfluenceisworld-wideinmodernliterature.Hisaestheticsandconsciouscraftsmanship,hisattackon“theheresy（异端，异教）ofthedidactic（说教的）”andhiscallfor“therhythmical（有韵律的）creationofbeauty”haveinfluencedFrenchsymbolismandthedevoteesof“artforart’ssake”.Poeisfatherofmanythings,oneofwhichispsychoanalyticcriticism,theotherbeingthedetectivestory.EdgarAllanPoe•Poe’sliterarycontribution–Aestheticism•Principleofbeauty•Principleofunityandconcentration•Carefulchoiceofdiction（措词）fordesiredeffect(themusicaleffectofwordsthemselves)•Negligence（忽视）ofso-calledtruthandsocial,politicalandmoralsuggestions•“Purepoetry”or“pureart”•Unityofeffectandatmosphere;contentinserviceofartisticeffectCommentsonPoe•EdgarAllanPoeisthemostcontroversialandthemostmisunderstoodliteraryfigureinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.•“我不在乎我的作品是现在被人读还是由子孙后代来读。我可以花一个世纪来等待读者。”EdgarAllanPoe•Emersondismissedhiminthreewords“thejingleman”(打油诗人)，MarkTwaindeclaredhisprosetobeunreadable.AndWhitmanwastheonlyfamousliteraryfigurepresentatthePoeMemorialCeremonyin1875.•NotacceptedbeforeFrenchsymbolistslikeCharlesPierreBaudelaire(1821-1867)andMallarmé.InAmerica•Emerson:“thejingleman”(noisy)•MarkTwain:Hisproseisunreadable.•HenryJames:“anenthusiasmforPoeisthemarkofadecidedlyprimitivestateofdevelopment”•Whitman:admitPoe’sgenius,butitwas“itsnarrowrangeandunhealthy,luridquality”(terrible)•T.S.Eliot:acriticofthefirstrank,butwith“slipshodwriting”(careless)ReasonsforMisunderstanding•1)Asaperceptivecritic,hewrotesomescathing（严厉的，损伤的）criticismsondistinguishedliteraryfigures.•2)Hisliteraryexecutorsullied（玷污）hisreputationafterhisdeath.InEurope•GeorgeBernardShaw:“thegreatestjournalisticcriticofhistime”•Hispoetryis“exquisitelyrefined”.•Histalesare“completeworksofart”.•Baudelaire:“EdgarPoe,whoisn’tmuchinAmerica,mustbecomeagreatmaninFrance.”•柯南道尔：“一名侦探小说家只能沿这条不宽的主道而行，所以他时时都会发现前方有坡的脚印。如果他偶尔能设法偏离主道，独辟蹊径，那他就可以感到心满意足了。”•凡尔纳：“他肯定会有模仿者，有人会试图超越他，有人会试图发展他的风格，但许多自以为已经超过他的人其实永远也不可能与他相提并论。”•肖伯纳：“它们不仅仅是一篇篇小说，而完全是一件件艺术品。”PoeenjoyedrespectandwelcomeinEuropeHisreputationwasfirstmadeinFranceToday,hisworksarereadwithappreciationandunderstanding.Poe'sinfluencewasconsiderableinSpain,Italy,GermanyandRussia.•PoewasthefirstAmericanwriterwhoformulized（使公式化，阐述）thetechniqueoftheshortstory.•Inpursuitofthetotalityofeffectthroughcompression（压缩，浓缩）,immediacyandfinality,Poeinventedthegenreofthedetectivestoryanddevelopedanewfictionofpsychologicalanalysis.•Poehasthusoftenbeenconsideredasthefatherofthemodernshortstory.PartIII.MajorWorks•FamousAmericanpoet,short-storywriter,andliterarycritic•MostcontroversialandmisunderstoodinAmerica•WellreceivedinEurope,England,Spain,esp.inFrance•Literaryoutput:someseventyshortstoriesandadozenpoems•A:Poems•B:Shortstories•C:literarytheory•D:onefull-lengthnovel:TheNarrativeofArthurGordonPym(1838)《亚瑟.戈登.皮姆的故事》Shaw’sevaluationofPoe'sachievementacritic,apoet，ashortstorywriterthegreatestjournalisticcriticofhistimehispoetryis“exquisitelyrefined“(精致优雅)histalesarecompleteworksofartagreatwriteroffiction,apoetofthefirstrank,andacriticofinsighta.Ashortstorywriterstories:twokindsHorrorRatiocination（推理）“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”“TheBlackCat”“TheCaskofAmontillado”“Ligeia”（莉盖亚）“ThePurloinedLetter”（被窃的信件）fiftypoemstypicallyRomanticinbothformandcontentPoe’spoetictheoriesPoetryshouldbeshortandreadableatonesitting,shouldappealonlyto“beauty”(aimingat“anelevatingexcitementofthesoul”)Truepoetryis“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”“ThePhilosophyofComposition““T