Chapter-3-Values--Attitudes-and-Their-Effects-in-t

OrganizationalBehaviour组织行为学Chapter3Values,AttitudesandTheirEffectsintheWorkplaceAfterstudyingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:1.Identifythedifferenttypesandlevelsofvalues.2.Definethefivemainvaluesthatvaryacrosscultures.3.Discusstheeffectofjobsatisfactionontaskperformanceandcustomerservice.4.DescribefivestrategiestoincreaseorganizationalcommitmentChapter3Values,AttitudesandTheirEffectsintheWorkplaceChapter3Values,AttitudesandTheirEffectsintheWorkplaceTitleinhereValuesdefinedCulturaldifferencesinValuesValuesinworkplaceAttitudes3.2.1.4.Valuesdefined1.•Stable,long-lastingbeliefsaboutwhatisimportant•Definerightorwrong,goodorbad•Includecross-cultural,ethicalandorganisationalculturevalues价值观是指一个人（群体、组织）对客观事物重要性和有用性的评价和看法。如，人们对金钱、友谊、权利、自尊、工作成就和对国家的贡献等的评价性看法。包括跨文化价值观、伦理道德价值观，和组织文化价值观。Chapter3Values,AttitudesandTheirEffectsintheWorkplace•Valuesarestable,evaluativebeliefsthatguideourpreferencesforoutcomesorcoursesofactioninavarietyofsituations.Theyareperceptionsaboutwhatisgoodorbad,rightorwrong.–Valuesdon’tjustrepresentwhatwewant;theystatewhatwe“ought”todo—sociallydesirablewaystoachieveourneeds.–Theyinfluenceoutchoiceofgoalsandmeansforachievingthosegoals.Whatarevalues?1.罗克奇价值观调查问卷Terminalvaluesvs.instrumentalvalues•Terminalvalues—desiredend-statesofexistence.–Thesearethegoalsthatindividualswouldliketoachieveduringtheirlifetimes,suchascomfortablelife,orhappiness.1.1Rokeachvaluesurvey终极价值观，指的是对于生存的终极目的的探索，这个目标为一个人一生渴求的目标。Instrumentalvalues—desirablemodesofbehaviourthathelpusreachtheobjectivesofterminalvalues.罗克奇价值观调查问卷1.1Rokeachvaluesurvey工具价值观，指的是为实现终极价值观而采取的行为方式与手段。ExamplesofTerminalValues:•Acomfortablelife(aprosperouslife)•Anexcitinglife(stimulating,activelife)•Asenseofaccomplishment(lastingcontribution)•Aworldofpeace(freeofwarandconflict)•Aworldofbeauty(beautyofnatureandthearts)•Equality(brotherhood,equalopportunityforall)•Familysecurity(takingcareoflovedones)•Freedom(independence,freechoice)•Happiness(contentedness)ExamplesofInstrumentalValues:•Ambitious(hardworking,aspiring)•Broad-minded(open-minded)•Capable(competent,efficient)•Cheerful(lighthearted,joyful)•Clean(neat,tidy)•Courageous(standingupforyourbeliefs)•Forgiving(willingtopardonothers)•Helpful(workingforthewelfareofothers)•Honest(sincere,truthful)•Individualism–collectivism个人主义—集体主义•Powerdistance权利差距•Uncertaintyavoidance不确定性规避•Achievement–nurturingorientation阳刚文化与阴柔文化•Long-termorshort-termorientation长期导向与短期导向见参考材料p12-14CulturaldifferencesinValues2.Collectiviststendto–identifythemselvesbygroupmembership–giveprioritytogroupgoals–putmoreemphasisonharmoniousrelationships–havemoresocially-basedemotions(indebtedness)JapanNZAustraliaCollectivismIndividualismIndonesiaIndividualismcollectivismThedegreetowhichpeopleacceptanunequaldistributionofpowerinsocietyJapanN.Z.AustraliaHongKongHighpowerdistanceMalaysiaLowpowerdistancePowerdistanceHighUALowUASAfricaChinaSingaporeThedegreetowhichpeopletolerateambiguity/uncertainty(lowUA)orfeelthreatenedbyambiguityanduncertainty(highUA)UncertaintyavoidanceAustraliaJapanS.KoreaAchievementNurturingN.Z.Thedegreetowhichpeoplevalueassertiveness(confident/selfassured),competitivenessandmaterialism(achievement)versusrelationshipsandwell-beingofothers(nurturing)AchievementnurturingAustraliaJapanIndonesiaLong-termorientationShort-termorientationChinaThedegreetowhichpeoplevaluethrift,savingsandpersistence(long-term)versuspastandpresentissues(short-term)Long/short-termorientationAustraliaDominantValuesinToday’sWorkforceCohortEnteredtheWorkforceDominantWorkValuesVeterans1950sorearly1960sHardworking,conservative,conforming;loyaltytotheorganizationBoomers1965-1985Success,achievement,ambition,dislikeofauthority;loyaltytocareerXers1985-2000Work/lifebalance,team-oriented,dislikeofrules;loyaltytorelationshipsNexters2000topresentConfident,financialsuccess,self-reliantbutteam-oriented;loyaltytobothselfandrelationshipsValuesinworkplace3.Attitudes4.Question:Whatareattitudesandwhyaretheyimportant?•Attitudesarepositiveornegativefeelingsaboutobjects,people,orevents.•Attitudesaffectthewaypeoplerespondtosituations.Knowingattitudeshelpspredictbehavior.Attitudes4.MajorJobAttitudes1.JobSatisfaction工作满意度2.OrganizationalCommitment组织承诺–Affectivecommitment情感承诺–Normativecommitment规范承诺–Continuancecommitment持续承诺Jobsatisfactionandbehaviour•Jobsatisfactionreferstoanevaluationoftheperson’sperceivedjobcontentandworkcontext.–Apersonwithahighlevelofjobsatisfactionholdspositiveattitudestowardthejob,whileapersonwhoisdissatisfiedwithhisorherjobholdsnegativeattitudestowardthejob.JobsatisfactionandworkbehaviourHigherjobsatisfactionisrelatedtolowerturnover,lowerabsenteeism,betterphysicalandmentalhealth,Ethicsofjobsatisfaction•ManysocietiesexpectcompaniestoprovideworkenvironmentsthataresafeandenjoyableWeakassociationbetweenjobsatisfactionandperformance(happyworkersaren’tnecessarilymoreproductiveworkers)because:1.Generalattitudespredictspecificbehaviourspoorly—e.g.somedissatisfiedemployeesreduceworkeffort,othersperformwellwhilelookingforanotherjob.2.Jobperformanceaffectsjobsatisf