光伏商业模式(PV Business model)

AnationallaboratoryoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofEnergyEfficiency&RenewableEnergyNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryInnovationforOurEnergyFuturePhotovoltaicsBusinessModelsL.Frantzis,S.Graham,R.Katofsky,andH.SawyerNavigantConsultingInc.Burlington,MassachusettsSubcontractReportNREL/SR-581-42304February2008NRELisoperatedbyMidwestResearchInstitute●BattelleContractNo.DE-AC36-99-GO10337NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBoulevard,Golden,Colorado80401-3393303-275-3000••BattelleContractNo.DE-AC36-99-GO10337SubcontractReportNREL/SR-581-42304February2008PhotovoltaicsBusinessModelsL.Frantzis,S.Graham,R.Katofsky,andH.SawyerNavigantConsultingInc.Burlington,MassachusettsNRELTechnicalMonitor:RobertMargolisPreparedunderSubcontractNo.KACX-4-44451-08NOTICEThisreportwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheUnitedStatesgovernment.NeithertheUnitedStatesgovernmentnoranyagencythereof,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwisedoesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentoranyagencythereof.Availableelectronicallyat:U.S.DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofScientificandTechnicalInformationP.O.Box62OakRidge,TN37831-0062phone:[phone]fax:[phone]email:mailto:[e-mail]public,inpaper,from:U.S.DepartmentofCommerceNationalTechnicalInformationService5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA22161phone:[phone]fax:[phone]email:[e-mail]:(PV)installations,inparticular,isgrowingrapidly.AsdistributedPVandotherrenewableenergytechnologiesmature,theycanprovideasignificantshareofournation’selectricitydemand.However,astheirmarketsharegrows,concernsaboutpotentialimpactsonthestabilityandoperationoftheelectricitygridmaycreatebarrierstotheirfutureexpansion.Tofacilitatemoreextensiveadoptionofrenewabledistributedelectricgeneration,theU.S.DepartmentofEnergylaunchedtheRenewableSystemsInterconnection(RSI)studyduringthespringof2007.Thisstudyaddressesthetechnicalandanalyticalchallengesthatmustbeaddressedtoenablehighpenetrationlevelsofdistributedrenewableenergytechnologies.Becauseintegration-relatedissuesatthedistributionsystemarelikelytoemergefirstforPVtechnology,theRSIstudyfocusesonthisarea.AkeygoaloftheRSIstudyistoidentifytheresearchanddevelopmentneededtobuildthefoundationforahigh-penetrationrenewableenergyfuturewhileenhancingtheoperationoftheelectricitygrid.TheRSIstudyconsistsof15reportsthataddressavarietyofissuesrelatedtodistributedsystemstechnologydevelopment;advanceddistributionsystemsintegration;system-leveltestsanddemonstrations;technicalandmarketanalysis;resourceassessment;andcodes,standards,andregulatoryimplementation.TheRSIreportsare:•RenewableSystemsInterconnection:ExecutiveSummary•DistributedPhotovoltaicSystemsDesignandTechnologyRequirements•AdvancedGridPlanningandOperation•UtilityModels,Analysis,andSimulationTools•CyberSecurityAnalysis•PowerSystemPlanning:EmergingPracticesSuitableforEvaluatingtheImpactofHigh-PenetrationPhotovoltaics•DistributionSystemVoltagePerformanceAnalysisforHigh-PenetrationPhotovoltaics•EnhancedReliabilityofPhotovoltaicSystemswithEnergyStorageandControls•TransmissionSystemPerformanceAnalysisforHigh-PenetrationPhotovoltaics•SolarResourceAssessment•TestandDemonstrationProgramDefinition•PhotovoltaicsValueAnalysisiii•PhotovoltaicsBusinessModels•ProductionCostModelingforHighLevelsofPhotovoltaicPenetration•RooftopPhotovoltaicsMarketPenetrationScenarios.Addressinggrid-integrationissuesisanecessaryprerequisiteforthelong-termviabilityofthedistributedrenewableenergyindustry,ingeneral,andthedistributedPVindustry,inparticular.TheRSIstudyisonesteponthispath.TheDepartmentofEnergyisalsoworkingwithstakeholderstodeveloparesearchanddevelopmentplanaimedatmakingthisvisionareality.ivAcknowledgmentsTheauthorswouldliketothanktheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)andtheNationalRenewableEnergyLabo