2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(7)

2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(7)页12015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(7)Exorbitant(过分的)PrivilegeA.IN2012ICBC，astate．controlledChinesecompanythatistheworld’smostvaluablebank，boughtfour-fifthsoftheArgentinesubsidiaryofStandardBank，aSouthAfricanfirm．ThedeA.washailedasaleapforwardfor“South-South”co-operation—directeconomictiesbetweenemergingmarkets(新兴市场)．Butonegroupoffich-worldmiddlemengotasliceoftheaction：lawyers．ICBCwasrepresentedbyLinklaters，anEnglishfirm，andStandardBankbyJonesDay,anAmericanone．ThedealwasmadeunderEnglishlaw,withanydifferencestobesettledinA.lEnglisharbitrationcenter．B.ThoughemergingmarketsnowaccountforoverhA.ftheworld’sGDPatpurchasing-powerparity(购买力平价)，andtradebetweenthemisbooming，justtwodevelopedcountriesretainastrangleholdoncross-borderfinance，investment，mergersandacquisitions．JustasAmericabenefitsfromissuingtheworld’sreservecurrency,Americaanditsformercolonialmaster,Britain,enjoytheexorbitantprivilegeofissuingtheworld’s“reservelaw”．AglobalsurveybyQueenMaryUniversityinLondonin2010ofgeneralcounselsandlegal-departmentheadsfoundthat40％mostfrequentlydidbusinessusingEnglishlawandanother22％American．generallythelawofNewYorkstate．Noothercountry’slawgotasignificantshare．C.AmericaandBritainreaplargerewardsfromtheirlegaldominance．oftheworld’s100highest-grossinglawfirms，91havetheirheadquartersinoneofthetwo．America’slegA.sectorisbiggerthantheGDPofPeru；thoughmuchofthatisbecauseofAmericans’litigiousness．agoodchunkcomesfromforeignwork．TheNewYorkofficesofAmericanfirmsearnaround$1．8billionannuallyfrominternational．disputeresolution．almosttwo．thirdsoflitigantsinEnglishcommerciA.courtsareforeign．At1．5％．thelegA.sector’sshareofBritishGDPisnearlydoublethatinotherbigEuropeancountries．D.Otherbitsofbothcountries’economiesfeeltheripples(余波)，t00．Foreignersvisitingforlegalhearingsstayinhotelsandeatinrestaurants．Aspiringlawyersfromaroundtheworldpaytoattendtheiruniversitiesandspreadgoodwillwhentheygohome．DependenceonAmericanandBritishlawfirmsmakesitharderfordeA.makerstomovefromNewYorkandLondontoHongKongorFrankfurt．Britain’sgovernmentdescribeslawyersas“centraltotheexportofotherprofessionA.services”suchasaccounting，assetmanagementandbanking．E.Thecompetitionisoftenweak：muchofChina’scommerciallawwaswrittenbyCommunistPartyofficialsandisfiddledwitherrors：andthoughIndiaadoptedmuchofEnglishcommonlaw,itscourtsarenotoriouslyslow．Buttheincumbents’biggestadvantageist2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(7)页2hattheyhavecommon.lawsystemswithcenturiesofbindingprecedent．Thatmeanstheyofferasmuchcertaintyasanyjurisdiction(司法权)can．Incivil-lawcountriessuchasFrance，PortugalandSpain，andtheirex-colonies，judgeshavewidelatitudetointerpretstatutes，increasingtheriskofnastylegalsurprises．Civilsystemsplacemorerestrictionsonacceptableclauses，andoftenconsidertheinterestsofthirdparties，suchasworkersorconsumers．F.Manyothercountrieswouldliketobreakthisduopoly(双头垄断市场)．ButeventhosewithgoodlawsonPaperwouldtakedecadestotrainenoughlawyersandjudgestomakethemstick．TheimmediatethreattoAmericanandBritishlawcomesfromatrendthatdispenseswithcourtsA.together．Partiestoacross-borderdealmustdecidenotonlywhichcountry’slawgovernsitbuthowdisputesshouldberesolved．Firmsareincreasinglyoptingforprivatearbitration，whichpromisesconfidentiality,speedandlowercoststhangoingtocourt—andhereLondonandNewYorkarelessdominant．G.Morerecently，newentrantshavemadeinroads．AmongthemostSuccessfulisSingapore，whosededicatedarbitrationvenue(仲裁地点)，SIAC，openedin1991．Singapore’sgovernmentexemptsarbitratorsfromincometaxandexpeditesentryforparticipantsinhearings．SIAC’scaseloadhasquadrupledinthepastdecade，withIndianfirmsparticularlykeen．Lastyeartheywerepartiestoathirdofits259newcases．H.With260newcaseslastyear,HongKongmatchesSIACforsize．Arbitrationisessentialforcross-borderdeA.sinvolvingChina，sinceitsiudgesrarelyenforceforeigncourtdecisionsbutareboundtoupholdarbitrationawardsbytheNewYorkArbitrationConvention，whichitsignedin1987．Inthepast，Chineseflrlnsreluctantlyaccepteddistantarbitrationvenues．Buttheyareincreasinglyinsistingondisputesbeingheardlocally．Exorbitantnomore?I.EnglishlawremainsprevalentinAsianarbitration，accountingfor32％ofcasesatSIAC．ButarecenttrendinSouthAmericashowshowquicklythiscouldchange．Ofthebigemergingeconomies，theonemathasmosteffectivelypromoteditsownlawisBrazil．Itsfirmsstillusethird．partylaw,usuallyNewYork’s．toraisemoneyandmakeacquisitionsabroad．ButforeignfirmsactiveinBraziloftenacquiescetolocallaw,relyingonlocalarbitrationasanA.ternativetocourtsthatarepoliticizedandglaciallyslow．J.Brazil’sgovemmentcreatedalegalframeworkforarbitrationin1996，whichbecamewidelyusedafterbeingapprovedbytllesupremecourtin2001．Nothingpreventsfirmsfromusingforeignarbitration—butlosersmaydelaytheapplicationofforeignrulingsforyears(thoughnotforever)byfilingobjectionsinBraziliancourts．Incontrast，domesticarbitrationawardsinlocal-lawcasesaredeemed2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(7)页3equivA.enttolegalrulings，andimplementedonthespot．“There’snothingtofearabouthavinganarbitrationinBrazil，”saysStepheno’Sullivan，aformersolicitorinEnglandwhoworksforMattosFilho，aBrazilianfirm．K.Atfi