词汇学--Sense-Relations-1

Week11SenseRelationsLastweek…ContextPragmaticmeaningsSenseRelationobjects--betterunderstandtherelationbetweenwords--appreciatewordsusedindiscourses--enablelearnerstousewordseffectivelyContents•1.Synonymy同义关系synonym同义词•2.Antonymy反义关系antonym反义词•3.Polysemy多义关系polyseme多义词•4.Homonymy同音(同形)异义关系–homonym同音同形异义词–homograph同形异义词–homophone同音异义词•5.Hyponymy上下义关系–superordinate上义词–hyponym下义词1.Synonymy1.1.Definitionofsynonymy1.2.Sourceofsynonyms1.3.Typesofsynonyms1.4.Effectsofsynonyms1.5.Exercises1.1.definitionofsynonymy•Synonymyisarelationshipof‘samenessofmeaning’thatmayholdbetweentwowords.•Synonym:awordthatmeansthesame/similarasanother.1.2.sourceofsynonyms•Englishhasthemostsynonymsofanylanguageintheworld.WhyaretheresomanysynonymsinEnglish?3.Sourcesofsynonyms同义词的来源1)Borrowing借入•“英语同义词之所以丰富，主要是由于拉丁语、法语和本族语成分的和谐混合所致。”•Theprimaryreasonforthishastodowiththeheavyborrowingfromotherlanguages,especiallyfromFrenchandLatin.•Wordsofnativeoriginformmanycouplets（双词模式）andtriplets（三词模式）withthosefromotherlanguages.•MatchthefollowingnativetermswiththeirLatincounterparts.NativeLatinFriendshipmaternalHeartyenemyInneramityOuteracuteMotherlycordialSharpinteriorDeedactionFoeexteriorInthispattern,native,French,andLatinorGreekwordsco-exist.NativeFrenchLatin/Greekbeginterrortrepidationriseflameinterrogateaskcommenceascendfirefirmconflagrationfearquestionsecurefastmountinitiate2.2ndreason:DialectsandregionalEnglishliftelevatortubesubwaypetrolgasolinecallboxtelephoneboothcharmglamour(ScotE)autumnfall秋天liftelevator电梯flatapartment公寓torchflashlight手电筒undergroundsubway地铁windscreenwindshield挡风玻璃caravancamper大蓬车3.3rdreason:Figurativeandeuphemisticofwordsoccupationwalkoflifedreamerstar-gazerdrunkelevatedliedistortthefact4.4threason:Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressionspickupchoosegiveupabandongoonwithcontinueputoffpostponewingaintheupperhandhesitatebeintwominds5.5threason:stylisticwordsdad-father-parentkid-child-offspringdie-deceasebuy-purchasespeech-orationbegin/start-commencesee-beholdread-scrutinizehusband/wife-spousebrother/sister-sibling1.3.typesofsynonyms•Linguistsmakeadistinctionbetween‘strict’or‘absolute’synonymyand‘loose’or‘relative’synonymy.Strictsynonymy•Strictsynonymsrefertotwowordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Theyareinterchangeableinallcontexts.•Strictsynonymsareveryrare,andsomelinguistsevenarguethatstrictsynonymsdonotexist.•Strictsynonymyisuneconomical;itcreatesunnecessaryredundancyinalanguage.Strictsynonymyscarletfever---scarlatinawordformation---wordbuildingmotherland---fatherlandmothertongue---nativelanguageLoosesynonymy•Whenwespeakofsynonymy,wemean‘loose’or‘relative’synonymy,wherewefindnotonlyasignificantoverlapinmeaningbetweentwowords,butalsosomecontextswheretheycannotbeusedinterchangeably.Johnfound/discoveredthebasketballinthegrass.MariaCuriediscoveredradiumin1898.*MariaCuriefoundradiumin1898.discover:bethefirstonetocomeacrosssomethingfind:experiencesomethinginsomewayDistinguishingsynonyms•Weoftentakethefollowingthingsintoconsiderationwhenwetrytofindthedifferencesbetweensynonyms.1.InEnglishandAmericanusage2.Differentstylisticmeanings3.Differentconnotative/emotivemeanings4.Inshadesofmeaning5.Intherangeofuse6.Incollocation1SynonymsInEnglishandAmericanusage•SomesynonympairsdifferinthattheybelongtodifferentdialectsofEnglish.HerearesomeexamplesofsynonymsfromBritishandAmericanEnglish:BrEAmEBrEAmEliftelevatorfarmranchlawyerattorneybiscuitcookierubbishgarbagepavementsidewalk2Synonymswithdifferentstylisticmeanings•Oneofapairofsynonymsmaybeusedinamoreformalcontextthantheother.Herearesomeexamplesofsynonympairs.InformalFormalInformalFormaldiedeceasedaddyfatherblamechideguymanwestoccidentalpraiseeulogyExampleTheymadeadecisiontoabandontheproject.Theydecidedtowalkoutontheproject.3Synonymswithdifferentconnotativemeanings•Synonymsmayhavedifferentemotiveassociations(connotativemeanings).famousnotorious(disreputably)misuseabuse(ofprivilegeorpower)ambiguousequivocal(deliberately)newnovel(strikingly)hateloathe(withdisgust)obtainprocure(witheffort)Eg.Nigger(impolite)→Negro(neutral)→Black(commendatory)Distinguishthefollowinggroupsofsynonymbravery,foolhardiness;firm,pigheaded;4Inshadesofmeaning-----let,allow,permit-----want,wish,desire-----rich,wealthy-----big,large,hugeCool-----chilly-----cold-----frosty-----frigid-----icy5Synonymsdifferentinrangeofuse•Eg.•OnVS.about:withregardto/concerning•On(book,article,lecture,etc.)•About(moregeneral)6SynonymsDifferentInCollocation•accuse…of…vs.charge…with…•Rancidvs.addled•Rancidbacon/butter•Addledeggsorbrains•aflockofsheep,aherdofelephants•ashoaloffish,aswarmofbees•tosailasmallboat,tonavigatealiner1.4.effectsofsynonyms•Doyouknowthesignificanceofstudyingsynonyms?•E.g.•Wearehungryforalifethatturnsuson;weyearnforaknowledgeoflivingthatwillsaveusfromourinnocuouslivesthatresembledeath.Welookforsignsineverystrangeevent;wesearchforheroesineveryunknownface.(AWalker,TheCivilRightsMovement)1.Avoidrepetition2.General------specific(achieveprecision)say/speak:murmur,scream,retort,argue,protest,claim,state,declare3.Monoto