美国政治制度-PPT

AmericaPoliticsAmericanPoliticsAmericanEagle---NationalEmblemself-protectionthepursuitofpeaceandprosperityoneoutofmany合众为一ObjectivesBybeingexposedtofactsandreviewsofAmericanpoliticsinthisunit,studentsaresupposedtohaveanoverallunderstandingof:1.thebirthandperfectionoftheU.S.Constitution;2.apoliticalsystemfeaturedbyawrittenconstitutionandfederalism;3.thethreebranchesofthefederalgovernment;4.partypoliticsintheU.S..ContentsI.TheConstitutionandFederalism宪法和联邦制II.TheExecutiveBranchoftheFederalGovernment联邦政府的行政部门III.TheLegislativeBranchoftheFederalgovernment联邦政府的立法部门IV.TheJudicialBranchoftheFederalGovernmentV.PoliticalPartiesI.TheConstitutionandFederalism1.ArticlesofConfederation联邦条款2.ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates美利坚合众国宪法3.BillofRights人权法案4.Federalism联邦制5.ChecksandBalances政府机关彼此之间的相互制衡I.TheConstitutionandFederalism1.ArticlesofConfederation联邦条款•TheArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion---thefirstconstitution-likeofficialdocument联邦和永久联盟的章程---第一部宪法，如官方文件•draftedinJune1776,proposedtotheStatesforratificationin1777,andcompletedin1781起草于六月1776，向美国提出的1777个批准，并完成了1781•failedandwasreplacedbytheUSConstitutionin1788失败了，被美国宪法所取代1788•Theformer13Britishcoloniesbecame13statesofthenewnation.•TheywerenotveryclearaboutthefuturepoliticalsystemoftheUnitedStatesandabouttherelationshipsbetweenthestatesandthegovernmentofthenewnation.•Adocumentdraftedtomakethemlikeaonecountry•Eachnewstatehaditsowngovernmentandwasorganizedverymuchlikeanindependentnation•Congress,aweakcentralgovernmentstipulatedbyArticlesofConfederation国会，一个由联邦政府规定的力量弱小的中央政府,failedtogovernthestatesinagoodway.•TheArticleofConfederationfailedbecausethestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressorwitheachother.•TheCongressaskedeachstatetosenddelegatestotheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphiatodiscussthechangeswhichwouldbenecessarytostrengthentheArticlesofConfederation.•TheArticleswerereplacedbytheUSConstitutiononJune21,1788.I.TheConstitutionandFederalism2.ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates美国宪法thesupremelawoftheUnitedStatesandthefoundationforpoliticsintheU.S.adoptedbytheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚,andlaterratified（被批准）byconventionsineachstateSceneattheSigningoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesbyHowardChandlerChristy(1873-1952)•TheConstitutionalConventionbeganinMayof1787.Inthecourseofit,thedelegatesdesignedanewformofgovernmentfortheUnitedStates.•TheplanforthegovernmentwaswritteninverysimplelanguageinadocumentcalledtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.•TheConstitutionsetupafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.◆InwritingtheConstitution,thedelegateshadtodealwithtwomainfearssharedbymostAmericans.Powertendstocorrupt,andabsolutepowercorruptsabsolutely.”-LordActon(1834-1902),EnglishCatholichistorian,politician,andwriter•Onefearwasthatonepersonorgroup,includingthemajority,mightbecometoopowerfulorbeabletoseizecontrolofthecountryandcreateatyranny.Toguardagainstthispossibility,thedelegatessetupagovernmentconsistingofthreeparts,orbranches,theexecutive,thelegislativeandthejudicial.Eachbranchhaspowersthattheothersdonothaveandeachbranchhasawayofcounteractingandlimitinganywrongfulactionbyanotherbranch.•Anotherfearwasthatthenewcentralgovernmentmightweakenortakeawaythepowerofthestategovernmentstoruntheirownaffairs.TodealwiththistheConstitutionspecifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.Thestateswereallowedtoruntheirowngovernmentsastheywished,providedthattheirgovernmentswererepublican.•ForFear1:onepersonorgroup,includingthemajority,mightbecometopowerfulorbeabletoseizecontrolofthecountryandcreateatyranny.ThreebranchesSeparationofPowerstheexecutive-thelegislative-thejudicialEachbranchhaspowersthattheothersdonothaveEachbranchhasawayofcounteractingandlimitinganywrongfulactionbyanotherbranchThemembershipandpowersofcongressHouseofrepresentativessenateNumberofpeople435100Servesyear2year6yearleaderThespeakerVicepresidentpowerSmallerbiggerqualification25yearoldAmericancitizen30yearoldAmericancitizenLeadershipandcommitteesincongress(senate)VicepresidentPresidentprotemporeOthermember临时主席Leadershipandcommitteesincongress(houseofrepresentatives)ThespeakerThemajorityleaderOthermemberThepowerofcongress•Therighttocollecttaxes•Regulateforeignanddomesticcommerce•Coinmoney•Declarewar•Supportanarmyandnavy•EstabishlowerfederalcourtsQualitytoelectedtocongressThepartystrengthintheareaPersonalcharacterandappealFirst-termorincumbentstatusOccasionalnationaltidesCampaignstrategiesandfundraisingabilitiesFourtypesofcommittees四种委员会standingselectconferencejointPermanent,fixedpowerTemporary,examinespecificissuesDealwiththedifferencesinlegislationbetweenTwohouseTheissuesconcerntocongressandinvestigateproblemsHowabillbecomesalawThePresidentandtheJudiciaryThepresidentandhispowers1Theorganizationofexecutivebranch23Thestatecourtsystem4ThefederalcourtsystemAmericanpresident•BecausetheUnitedStatesisa,presidentialsystemthepresidentfulfillstherolesofheadofstate