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蛋白质的二级结构TheSecondaryStructureofProteinhistory蛋白质构象研究的开创人鲍林(Pauling)和科里(Corey)在30年代后期的研究中提出了一个重要的结论:即蛋白质肽单位的刚性和共面性。NHαCOCαNHαCOCOHHHR1R2Hhistoryhistory如图所示。1、肽单位中碳基碳原子和氮原子之间所成的键(肽键)的键长为0.32nm。这个键长介于单键C—N(0.149nm)和双键C=N(0.127间,具有部分双键的性质,是刚性的。2、相反,α-碳原子与羰基碳原子之间是单键,因此。α-碳原子与氮原于之间也是一个纯粹的单键,因此,在刚性的肽单位两侧的这些键具有充分转动自由。围绕这两个键进行的转动用角φ和ψ来代表。Φ代表绕Cα一C单链的转动;ψ代表绕Cα-N单链的转动。如果每一个氨基酸残基的φ和ψ已知,多肽主链的构象就完全确定。historyhistoryhistory二面角(dihedralangle)肽平面1围绕Cα2—N1单键旋转,其旋转的角度用Φ表示;肽平面2也可以围绕Cα2—C2单键旋转,其旋转的角度用Ψ表示。history多肽链主链骨架的构象是由每个Cα的成对二面角(Φ,Ψ)所决定的。②非键合原子间的最小接触距离在相邻的两个肽单位的构象中,非键合原子间的接近有无障碍,是否符合标准接触距离,即能量是否达到最低,也是肽链构象能否稳定存在的重要立体化学原则。historyKajUlrikLinderstrøm-Lang(November29,1896-May25,1959)wasaDanishproteinscientist,whowasthedirectoroftheCarlsbergLaboratory(嘉士伯实验室)from1939untilhisdeath.Hismostnotablescientificcontributionswere:thedevelopmentofsundryphysicaltechniquestostudyproteinstructureandfunction,especially(氢-氘置换)hydrogen-deuteriumexchange,hisdefinitionsofproteinprimary,secondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructure.historyIntheearly1930s,WilliamAstburyshowedthatthereweredrasticchangesintheX-rayfiberdiffractionofmoistwoolorhairfibersuponsignificantstretching.Thedatasuggestedthattheunstretchedfibershadacoiledmolecularstructurewithacharacteristicrepeatof~5.1Å(=0.51nm).Astburyinitiallyproposedakinked-chainstructureforthefibers.Helaterjoinedotherresearchers(notablytheAmericanchemistMauriceHuggins)inproposingthat:theunstretchedproteinmoleculesformedahelix(whichhecalledtheα-form);andthestretchingcausedthehelixtouncoil,forminganextendedstate(whichhecalledtheβ-form).historyLinusPauling,RobertCoreyandHermanBransonin1951developedtheα-helixandtheβ-strand(Astbury'snomenclaturewaskept)ThewoodenhelixbetweenPaulingandCoreyhasascaleof1inchperÅ,anenlargementof254,000,000times.(A)CourtesyoftheArchives,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.(B)CourtesyoftheLincolnUniversityofPennsylvaniaArchives.historyLinusPauling,RobertCoreyandHermanBransonin1951developedtheα-helixandtheβ-strand(Astbury'snomenclaturewaskept)LinusPaulingandRobertCorey(A)andHermanBranson(B).Pauling'sdeepunderstandingofchemicalstructureandbonding,hisretentivememoryfordetails,andhiscreativeflairwereallfactorsininthediscoveryoftheα-helix.RobertCoreywasadignifiedandshyx-raycrystallographerwiththeknow-howandpatiencetoworkoutdifficultstructures,providingPaulingwiththefundamentalinformationheneeded.HermanBransonwasaphysicistonleaveattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,whowasdirectedbyPaulingtofindallhelicesconsistentwiththerulesofstructuralchemistrythatheandCoreyhaddetermined.historyReverseTurns回折:Ω环型Science14November1986:Vol.234.no.4778,pp.849-855JacquelynLeszczynskiandGeorgeD.RoseLoopsinglobularproteins:anovelcategoryofsecondarystructureTheproteinloop,anovelcategoryofnonregularsecondarystructure,isasegmentofcontiguouspolypeptidechainthattracesaloop-shapedpathinthree-dimensionalspace;themainchainofanidealizedloopresemblesaGreekomega(omega).Asystematicstudywasmadeof67proteinsofknownstructurerevealing270omegaloops.Althoughsuchloopsaretypicallyregardedasrandomcoil,theyare,infact,highlycompactsubstructuresandmayalsobeindependentfoldingunits.Loopsarealmostinvariablysituatedattheproteinsurfacewheretheyarepoisedtoassumeimportantrolesinmolecularfunctionandbiologicalrecognition.Theyareoftenobservedtobemodulesofevolutionaryexchangeandarealsonaturalcandidatesforbioengineeringstudies.Definitionofsecondarystructure蛋白质的二级结构是蛋白质中肽链骨架中局部肽段的稳定构象。它们是完整肽链构象(三级结构)的结构单元,是蛋白质复杂结构的空间构象的基础——构象单元Classificationofsecondarystructure1、regular规正的二级结构包括α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋、β-折叠链(β-pleatedstrand)2、partiallyregular部分规正的二级结构转角reverseturn,Ω环型(Ω-loops)3、nonregular-“无规”卷曲Classificationofsecondarystructure1、规正的二级结构形成的原因:(1)Peptidebond不能转动→Peptidebond平面(2)一个氨基酸R基团与前后R基团的限制→Peptidebond平面不能任意转动(3)R基团的大小、电荷限制→只做规律折迭→αHelix,βSheetRamachandronplot(4)稳定二级构造的力量:氢键Classificationofsecondarystructureα-helixβ-sheetα-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋α-螺旋Pauling和Corey于1951年提出蛋白质的α-螺旋(α-helix)结构模型。α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋α-螺旋α-螺旋●α-Helix(螺旋)结构要点:(1)Righthanded(右手旋)(2)每3.6氨基酸绕一圈,每圈5.4Å高(3)Carbonyl(C=O)与下游H-N-生成氢键(4)每个氢键以13个原子夹着(α13)(5)氢键与螺旋长轴基本平行。(6)整个α-helix呈圆筒状,且有偶极性(7)肽链中氨基酸侧链R,分布在螺旋外侧,其形状、大小及电荷影响α-螺旋的形成。α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋α-螺旋α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋有極性α螺旋可随其卷曲的松紧而有所改变。这种改变是由于第n个残基与第n+5个或第n+3个残基的氢键,取代了第n个残基与第n+4个残基的氢键。α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋310helix310螺旋每圈含三个残基,在氢键的供体和受体之间有十个原子,由此而得名。Theaminoacidsina310-helixarearrangedinaright-handedhelicalstructure.Eachaminoacidcorrespondstoa120°turninthehelix(i.e.,thehelixhasthreeresiduesperturn),andatranslationof2.0Å(=0.2nm)alongthehelicalaxis.Mostimportantly,theN-HgroupofanaminoacidformsahydrogenbondwiththeC=Ogroupoftheaminoacidthreeresiduesearlier;thisrepeatedi+3→ihydrogenbondingdefinesa310-helix.α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋310helix聚丙氨酸的“棒”状310-螺旋侧视图,反角(dihedralangles)φ=-49°和ψ=-26°theO-Hdistanceis1.83Å(183pm).氢键α-螺旋(α-helix)和其他形式的螺旋310helix顶视图(Topview)ofthesamehelixshowntotheright.Threecarbonylgroupsarepointingupwardstowardstheviewer,spacedroughly120°apartonthecircle,correspondingto3.0amino-acid
本文标题:蛋白质的二级结构
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