loveisafallacy爱情是谬误解读

L/O/G/Oloveisafallacy第二组ByMaxShulmanNoteAboutTheAuthorName:MaxShulmanBorn:Mar14,1919inSt.Paul,MinnesotaDied:Aug28,1988inLosAngeles,CaliforniaOccupation:WriterActive:'50sMajorGenres:Comedy,RomanceCareerHighlights:HouseCalls,Rally'roundtheFlag,Boys!,TheTenderTrapFirstMajorScreenCredit:HalfaHero(1953)MaxShulman(March14,1919–August28,1988)isa20thcenturyAmericanwriterbestknownforhistelevisionandshortstorycharacterDobieGillis,aswellasforbest-sellingnovels.Hiswritingoftenfocusedonyoungpeople,particularlyinacollegiatesetting.ShulmanworksincludethenovelsRallyRoundtheFlag,Boys!andSleepTillNoon.Hewasalsoaco-writer,withRobertPaulSmith,ofthelong-runningBroadwayplay,TheTenderTrap,starringRobertPreston,whichwaslatermadeintoasuccessfulmovie.AuthorHowever,heisprobablybestrememberedforhiscreationofthecharacter“DobieGillis”,whowasthesubjectofaseriesofshortstoriescompiledunderthetitle,TheManyLovesofDobieGillis,whichbecamethebasisforaCBStelevisionseriesofthesamename,andhadpreviouslybeenthesubjectofafilm.AuthorShulmanwasalsoascreenwriter（编剧）.Hewasoneofthecollaborators（合作者）onatelevisiondocumentary（记录）,Light‘sDiamondJubilee《光明的周年纪念》,whichwassupposedlyacelebrationofthe75thanniversary（周年）oftheinventionofthelightbulbbyThomasA.Edison.CharlesLamb(1775-1834)ThomasCarlyle(1795-1881)JohnRuskin(1819-1900)Englishessayistandcritic.Englishauthor,Scottishwriter.Englishcriticandsocialtheorist.Awriteronartandarchitecture.Warmingup•Whatislove?•Whatislogic?•Whatislogicalfallacy?Whatislogic?•Brieflyspeaking,wemightdefinelogicastheformalsystematicstudyoftheprinciplesofvalidinferenceandcorrectreasoning.Logicisusedinmostintellectualactivities,butisstudiedprimarilyinthedisciplinesofphilosophy,mathematics,semantics,andcomputerscience.Logicexaminesgeneralformswhichargumentsmaytake,whichformsarevalid,andwhicharefallacies.Butthisisaroughdefinition,becausehowlogicshouldbeproperlydefinedisactuallyquiteacontroversialmatter.Whatislogicalfallacy?•Usually,anargumentisdeductivelyvalidwhenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Otherwiseanargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalid;itissaidtobefallacious.•Threekindsoffallacy:–1.materialfallacy--initsmaterialcontentthroughamisstatementofthefacts.–2.verbalfallacy--initswordingthroughanincorrectuseofterms.–3.formalfallacy--initsstructurethroughtheuseofanimproperprocessofinference.Logicalfallacy:逻辑谬论逻辑论证，即提出支持某些论题或结论的论据。论证有两个部分组成：论点所支持的结论，与引证结论的某些前提。而结论是经由前提所推导出来的。当前提为结论提供确凿证据时，论据的演绎推理便有效；反之则会成为谬论。成为谬误的方式有三种：a内容，即事实陈述错误；b措词，即术语使用错误；c结构（或形式），即推导过程错误。那么，逻辑谬误可分为三类，即内容（material）谬误，措词（verbal）谬误以及形式（formal）谬误。Logicalfallaciesinthisstory•1.DictoSimpliciter(以偏概全)•2.HastyGeneralization(草率推断)•3.PostHoc(牵强附会)•4.ContradictoryPremises(自相矛盾)•5.AdMisericordiam(文不对题)•6.FalseAnalogy(错误对比)•7.HypothesisContrarytoFact(违背事实)•8.PoisoningtheWell(井中投毒)Theexamplesoflogicalfallacies•1.DictoSimpliciter(以偏概全)•Myroommatethinksthatphilosophylessonisveryhard,soismine,thus,everyonethinkthatthephilosophylessonisdifficult.•2.HastyGeneralization(草率推断)•Gunsandhammer,aswellasmetalcanberecognizedasmurdertools.Butlimitedpurchaseofhammersareridiculous,thuslimitedtobuygunsarealsoridiculous.•3.PostHoc(牵强附会)•ThelastfivetimesthatI’vewornmywhitepants,somethingdepressinghashappened.I’mnotgoingtowearthosepantsagain!•4.ContradictoryPremises(自相矛盾)•Thereisapersonwhosellsshield(盾)aswellasspear(矛).Heboastsofhisshield,saying:“Myshieldisstrongandclinking,anysharpthingcangetthroughit.”Whileatthesametimeheboastsofhisspear,andsay:“Myspearissharppole,nothingcanpierced.”Someoneaskshim:“Ifyouuseyourspeartostabyourshield,whatwillbetheresult?”Themanistongue-tired,hecan’tsayaword.•5.AdMisericordiam(文不对题)•A:Whatyoueattodayforbreakfast?B:Lastnight,Iaterice,overnightatelobster.•6.FalseAnalogy(错误对比)•Thebird’snestismadebybird,sothebullpenisalsomadebycow.•7.HypothesisContrarytoFact(违背事实)•Pointingtothedeer,intentionallysayhorse•8.PoisoningtheWell(井中投毒)•Youaretold,priortomeetinghim,thatyourfriend‘sboyfriendisadecadent(颓废的)wastrel(废物).Whenyoumeethim,everythingyouhearhimsayistainted(污染的).Questionsonthetext•What’sthemainideaofthetext?•Whatisthepurposeofthisstory?Mainideaofthetext•Thistextisapieceofnarrative（叙事）writing,andthewholestoryishumoroussatire（讽刺）.•Thewriter,MaxShulman,issatirizingormakingfunofasmug,self-conceited（自负的）freshmaninalawschool.Thefreshmanismadethenarratorofthestorywhogoesonsmuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimselfatanyconceivableopportunity.Hestrugglesagainsttwoantagonists（n.对手）:PeteyBurch,hisroommatewhosegirlfriendheplanstosteal;andPollyEspy,thegirlheintendstomarryaftersuitablere-education.Inordertosmartenherup,thenarratordecidestogiveheracourseinlogic.Hesucceedstoowellbecausethewholethingbackfires（事与愿违）onhimwhenPollyrefutes（驳斥）allhisargumentsaslogicalfallaciesbeforefinallyrejectinghim.Attheendofthestory,thereaderfeelsthenarratorhasgotwhathedeserved（应得的）.Hehasbeentoocleverforhisowngood.Thepurposeofthewriting•Thepurposeofthisessay,accordingtothewriter,istodemonstrate（证明、论证）thatlogic,farfrombeingadry（枯燥的）pedantic（迂腐的）subject,isalivingthing(ahuman