英美国家概况英国部分

三，简答题(1).HowdoyouunderstandtheroleoftheMonarchyinBritishgovernment?1.Thepowerofthemonarchywaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe“divinerightofkings”.ItwasheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.2.FromathousandyearsBritainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofstate.3.Cromwellandhis“roundheads”wantedtoabolishthemonarchy,buttheroyalistswantedittocontinue.Theroundheadssucceedinoustingthemonarchy,CharlesⅠ,in1642andruledforjust18yearsbeforethemonarchywasrestored.4.TheroleofthemonarchytodayisprimarilytosymbolizethetraditionandunityoftheBritishstate.Thequeenisnon-political,andherrolesarefollows:sheislegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headofthejudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforcesand“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland.（2）whatisthereligiousconflictamongIrishpeople?TheconflictistheresultofIreland’scolonialhistoryfromthetimeofElizabethⅠ.ThesettlersloyaltotheBritishCrownandProtestantinreligiouspersuasionweregrantedland,position,privilegeswhichhadbeensystematicallytakenawayfromtheindigenousRomanCatholicPopulation.ThemajorityofIrishpeopleremainedCatholics,whilemostBritishpeoplehadbecomeProtestants;inthe17thcentury,theEnglishgovernmentencouragedpeoplefromScotlandandNorthernEnglandtoemigranttothetroublesomenorthofIreland,asaresultthenortheasternpartofIrelandgainedapopulationwhosawthemselvesdifferentfortherestoftheIrishpeople.TheywereProtestantsandthoughtofthemselvesasBritish,andwishedtoremainapartoftheBritishstate,buttheCatholicIrishinthatpartdidnotacceptit.(3).HowdoseAmericanCongresscarryoutthemaindutytomakelaws?ThemaindutyoftheCongressistomakelaws,includingthosewhichlevytaxesthatpayfortheworkofthefederalgovernment.Alawbeginswithasaproposalcalleda“bill”.Itisread,studiedincommittees,commentedonandamendedintheSenateorHouseChamberinwhichitwasintroduced.Itissenttothehousewhereasimilarproduceroccurs.Membersofbothhousesworktogetherin“conferencecommittees”ifthechambershavepasseddifferentversionsofthesamebill.Groupswhotrytopersuadecongressmentovoteforagainstabillareknownas“lobbies”.WhenbothhousesofCongresspassabillonwhichtheyagree,itissenttothepresidentforhissignature.(4).whataresomeofthefeaturesinreligionthatareparticularlyAmerican?Firstofall,Americanswithdifferentreligionslivetogetherunderthesamelaw.Duetothistraditionandthebasiclawaboutreligion,variousreligiousgroupsinAmericahavecoexistedmoreharmoniouslythantheOldWorld.Secondly,thereligiousbeliefsofAmericanscontinuetobestrongwithsocialprogress.InAmerica,throughallthesocialandeconomicchangedreligionhasremainedaconstantfactor.Thirdly,intheUnitedStateseverychurchisacompletelyindependentorganization,andconcernedwithitsownfinanceanditsownbuilding.InAmericanhistory,religionhasnotbeenidentifiedwithanoppressiveordominantsocialclassorsetofpoliticalinstitutions.Generallyspeaking,AmericanshaveenjoyedgreaterreligiousfreedomthanEuropeans.(5).Howdoyouunderstandsocially“stratified”Americansociety?Americansocietyisastratifiedoneinwhichpower,wealth,andprestigeareunequallydistributedamongthepopulation;notonlythematterofdistinctionbetweensocialclass,butracialandethniclines;thedominantwhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantmajorityandaminoritygroup:theblack,AmericanIndians,theHispanicsandAsianAmericans.Forexample,therichestfifthofAmericanindividualsandfamiliesownmarethanthree-quartersofthewealthintheUnitedStates,whereasthelowestfifthownsonly0.2%ofthewealth.TherichestfifthofAmericanfamiliesreceivesover40%ofthenationalincome,whereasthepoorestfifthreceivesonly5.2%.Also,thereareotherproblemslikedrugabuse,crime,theabuseofpowerbygovernmentandcorporations.大答题（英国部分）(1)WhatarethefeaturesofRomanticLiterature?Canyouillustrateyourpointswithspecificwritersortheirbooksasexamples?Roughlythefirstthirdofthe19thcenturymakesupEnglishliterature’sromanticperiod.Writersofromanticliteraturearemoreconcernedwithimaginationandfeelingthanpowerofreason,whichmarkedthe18thcentury.ThreemenbroughtRomanticliteraturetoitsheight:①GeorgeGordon,LordByron.HislargebodyofworkincludesthepartlyautobiographicalChildeHarold’spilgrimage.DueJuanoweditstitleandpartsofitsstorytotheoldlegendofthegreatlover.Byronretellsthestoryintheformofsatire.②JohnKeats.Keatswassuperbatpictorialpoetry-paintingapicturewithwords.Hisartisnowheregreaterthaninthetwopoems“OdeonaGrecianUrn”and“OdetoaNightingale”.③PercyByssheShelley’swritinghasawiderange.Thelovelymusicalqualityofhisworkappearsinthefineversesof“OdetotheWestWind”and“ToaSkylark”.(4).Howwouldyouunderstand“theprocessofstate-building,namely,thedemocracyinUKhasbeenoneofevolutionratherthanrevolution”?ThepoliticalsystemofUKwasgeneratedbymeansoftheevolutionfromtheprospectofthedivinerightofthekingtotheconceptofParliamentwiththeTwoHouses,insteadofthesuddenandviolentpoliticalrevolution.AlthoughthereusedtobetheperiodsofpoliticalinstabilityliketheCivilWar,theydidnotnecessarilyresultintheabruptchangeonthenatureofthegovernment.