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MarkTwain—MirrorofAmerica•TheAuthor•GoldRushTheAuthor•NoelGrove:Form1969to1994NoelGrovetraveledtheworldasastaffwriterandeditorattheNationalGeographicmagazinewherehewroteabouttheillegalinternationalwildlifetrade,airpollution,supertankers,Nigeria,Venezuela,Alaska,Thailandandmanyothertopics.•In1998hewasnamedthemagazine’sfirstseniorassistanteditorfortheenvironment.•HeisacharterboardmemberoftheBicycleFederation.2CaliforniaGoldRush1IntroductioncontentsTheliteraryhistory3Agoldrushisaperiodoffeverishmigrationofworkerstoanareathathashadadramaticdiscoveryofgolddeposits.FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaGoldrushinCongo刚果Majorgoldrushestookplaceinthe19thcenturyinAustralia,Brazil,Canada,SouthAfricaandtheUnitedStates,whilesmallergoldrushestookplaceelsewhere.Itpromotedthedevelopmentofcapitalisteconomygreatly.TheoneinCalifornia,maybethemostnotableone.DiscoveryofgoldEffectsForty-nineroutline1848-1-241848-3GoldwasdiscoveredbyJamesW.MarshallatSutter'sMill,inColoma,California.RumorssoonstartedtospreadandwereconfirmedinMarch1848bySanFrancisconewspaperpublisherandmerchantSamuelBrannan.1848-8-191848-12-5TheNewYorkHeraldwasthefirstmajornewspaperontheEastCoasttoreportthediscoveryofgold.PresidentJamesPolkconfirmedthediscoveryofgoldinanaddresstoCongress.nowGoldrushbegan18501849Approximately90,000peoplearrivedinCaliforniain1849.By1850,mostoftheeasilyaccessiblegoldhadbeencollected.ChinesearrivedinCaliforniain1849and1850.ChinesegoldminersinCaliforniaSeveralhundredChinesearrivedinCaliforniain1849and1850,andin1852morethan20,000landedinSanFrancisco.……PanningforgoldontheMokelumneRiverSearchingforGoldCampingandHousingFamilyandFriendsCostofLivingForty-niners•Intheearlydaysof1848and1849,itwasnotuncommonforaminertodig$2000ofgoldaday.Buttheaverageminermightbeluckytofind$10perday.After1852mostofthesurfacegoldwasmined,panningforgoldwasnolongerprofitable.ThreesmallgoldnuggetsfromTuolumneCounty,CaliforniaCampingandHousingMostminerslivedintents.Mostcampsandminingtownswerecanvastentsorwoodenbuildings.Mealswereusuallybeans,baconorlocalgame(野味)cookedoveranopenfire.Fireswereverycommon.Manycampsandtownswerecompletelydestroyedbyfire.FamilyandFriendsCostofLivingAforty-ninerpeersintohisgoldpanonthebanksoftheAmericanRiverThesuccessoffindinggolddroveuppricesforeverything.Whiletheaverageworkermightmake$6to$10perday,foodandsuppliescouldcostmuchmorethan.Manypeoplespent6monthsearnings,ormore,gettingtoCalifornia.Whentheyarrived,theycouldnotaffordbasicsupplies.DevelopmentofgovernmentandcommerceNegativeimpactEffectAttackbyNativeAmericansonminers'settlementVisible:Invisible:TownsCitiesDevelopmentofagricultureRoadsSchoolsChurchesAstateconstitutionalconventionAstateconstitutionElectionRelevantlawsTheimprovementoftransportationbetweenCaliforniaandtheEastCoastStatehoodforCaliforniaonsep,9,1850ThehumanandenvironmentalcostsoftheGoldRushweresubstantial.environmentalcostsviolencediseasesFishwaskilledHabitatsweredestroyedWaterwaspollutedForestsweredestroyed……StealForceRetributionattacksMassacre(屠杀)……Smallpox(天花)Influenza(流行性感冒)Measles(麻疹)…….TheNativeAmericanpopulationinCalifornia,estimatedat150,000in1845,haddroppedtolessthan30,000by1870.TheliteraryhistoryoftheGoldRushisreflectedintheworksof•MarkTwain(TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty),•BretHarte(AMillionaireofRough-and-Ready),TheliteraryhistoryoftheGoldRush
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