英语国家概况术语

111.Nuclearfamily:IntheUSA,afamilyisusuallymadeupofafather,amotherandtwochildren.2.Immigrant:Animmigrantisapersonwhoentersintoacountryofwhichoneisnotanative,inordertoliveinitpermanently.3.Emigrant:Anemigrantisapersonwholeavesone’sowncountryandsettlesinanother.4.Urbanhermit:refertothoseladiesinurbancitiesoftheUnitedStatesofAmericanwhowanderinthecitiesduringdaytime,oftenwithabag,butatnighttheyhidethemselvessleepincornersinthestreetorinthesubways.5.Ulsterman:referstoapersonfromNorthernIreland.IrelandwasannexedbyEnglandin1461.FromJacobeantimesIrelandbecameacentreofEnglishsettlement,andlaterScottishsettlement.ItwasdividedintoNorthernIrelandandtheRepublicofIrelandin1921.NorthernIrelandcomprisessixcountiesinwhichtherehasbeencivilunrestformanyyears.6.theUnitedKingdom:referstotheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.ItconsistsofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.7.Sovereignstate:TheUKisonesovereignstate.ItismadeupofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.Ineachofthefourlandsthedifferencesareobvioussuchasclothingandcultureetc.8.Awelfarestate:TheUKisawelfarestatewhichwasestablishedaftertheLaborPartycametopowerin1945.Therearethreemainareasofwelfareprovision:health,housingandsocialsecurity.9.PublicSchoolisaprivatesecondaryschoolintheUK,awhollyorpartlyboardingschool,whichisadministeredbyagoverningbodyandfinancedbythepupils'feesandincomefromendowments.10.MiddleSchoolisatermoftenusedinChina,butitismisleadinginforsensethatforAmericansmiddleschoolreferstotheagerangefromtentothirteen.11.PrepschoolisaprivateschoolintheeducationalsystemofBritain,Itistheshortened'termofpreparatoryschoolforentrancetoapublicschoolattheageofthirteen12.RugbySchoolisafamouspublicschoolintheUK,whichisaprivateschoolatthesecondaryeducationlevel.13.OxfordUniversityisworldfamousandistheoldestuniversityintheUK,beingestablishedin1167.UniversityCollegewasfoundedin1249.ItisinOxford,England,andexercisesthetutorialsystemandthelecturesysteminthemanagementoftheuniversity.14.HarvardUniversitywhichistheoldestuniversityintheUSAislocatedinCambridge,Massachusetts.Itwasfoundedin1636afteritsfirstbenefactorJohnHarvardandismadeupofHarvardCollegeformengraduateschoolsandresearchinstitutes.Radcliffeistheassociatedwomen'scollege.15.YaleUniversityisaprivateuniversityinNewHaven,Connecticut,USA,whichwasnamedafterElihuYale,anearlypatronandwascharteredin1701.ItconsistsofYaleCollegeformen,threeotherundergraduateschoolsformenandwomen,andeightgraduateschoolsformenandwomen.16.GodSavetheQueenisthenationalanthemoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Ithasbeenusedinmanyothercountries.17.CambridgeUniversitywhichwasestablishedin1284,isthesecondoldestuniversityintheUKandisveryfamousaroundtheworld-Ithas32colleges.Eachcollegeisself-governing,22buthasasenatewhichregulatestheuniversity'sadministrativeaffairs.18.OpenUniversitywhichwasaninnovationoftheBritishisanautonomous,independent,degree-awardingEnglishuniversity.Itworksthroughradioandtelevisioncourses,tuitionbycorrespondenceandtutorialsatlocalcenters.Theuniversitywasawardeditscharteron1June1969.19.TheAssociatedPresswasestablishedin1848bysixNewYorknewspapersandisoneofthelargestnewsagenciesoftheUSAandhasofficesallovertheworld.Itisanonprofitorganizationfinancedbysubscriptionsfrommembernewspapers,periodicalsandbroadcastingstations.20.TheUnitedPressInternationalwasfoundedthroughthemergenceoftheUnitedPressandtheInternationalNewsAgencyandisthesecondlargestintheUSA,havingitsgeneralagencyinNewYork.Itprovidesnewsandmessagestonewsinstitutionsintheworldinforty-eightlanguages.21.Reader'sDigestisafamousmonthlyjournalintheUSAandthemostwidelyreadjournalintheworld,whichwasfirstpublishedin1922asadigestofcondensedarticlesoftopicinterestandentertainmentvaluetakenfromotherperiodicals.Itbeganpublishingcondensedversionsofcurrentbooksin7934.Later,WallacebegantodeveloparticlesforReadersDigestbycommissioningthemfirstandthenofferingthecompletedarticlestootherpublications.Bythelate20thcenturyReadersDigesthadthirty-nineeditionsworldwideinfifteenlanguages,withacirculationoftwenty-eightmillion.22.TheTimeswhichwasestablishedin1785，istheoldestandmostwell-knowndailynewspaperintheUK.Itsthicknessiswell-knownforthenewsandothercolumns.IthasaglorioushistoryinthereportingofthePeterlooMassacrein1819,theexposureofthehorrorsoftheCrimeanWar,whichdemonstratesthevalueofjournalisticobjectivityandtheneedtocriticizethegovernment.23.TheBBCwasfoundedin1922andreceiveditscharterin1927asanindependentpubliccorporation.IthasaboardofgovernorswhoareappointedbythegovernmentandtheministerofPostsandTelecommunications,whichisultimatelyresponsibletoParliamentbutwhichenjoysaconsiderabledegreeofindependenceinpractice.Until1955,theBBCwasthesolebroadcastingcorporationinBritain.24.NationalBroadcastingCompany(NBC)isalsocalledNationalBroadcastingNetworks,andisoneofthethreemajorradioandtelevisionnetworksintheUSA.Thesystemwasestablishedin1925;itsstockwasownedbyRadioCorporationofAmerica,WestinghouseandGeneralElectric.Bythe1980s,theNBCtelevisionnetworkconsistedoffiveNBC-ownedstationsplus