西方文明史复习资料-2

西方文明史复习资料备注:所有名词解释和论述题第二题各带中文，英文翻译是百度翻译而来，肯定有语法错误，请注意！名词解释：1.文艺复兴（Renaissance）文艺复兴是14世纪在意大利各城市兴起，16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了现代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。（下面是翻译）TheRenaissancewasfourteenthCenturytheriseinItalyCity,anideologicalandculturalmovementthatflourishedinEuropeinsixteenthCentury,broughtaperiodofrevolutionofscienceandart,openedapreludetomodernEuropeanhistory,isconsideredtobethemiddleagesandmoderndividingline.Marx'shistoriansbelieveisthedivisionbetweentheageoffeudalismandcapitalismera.2.启蒙运动（Enlightenment）启蒙运动是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反封建、反教会的资产阶级思想文化解放运动，它为资产阶级革命作了思想准备和舆论宣传，是继文艺复兴运动之后欧洲近代第二次思想解放运动。（下面是翻译）TheEnlightenmentwasoccurredin17inEuropeineighteenthCentury,anantifeudal,antichurchbourgeoisideologyliberationmovement,thebourgeoisrevolutionmadeideologicalpreparationandpropaganda,isfollowingtheRenaissanceofmodernEuropeansecondideologicalliberationmovement.3.光荣革命（GloriousRevolution）1688年英国资产阶级和新贵族发动的一次政变。1685年詹姆士二世即位后，企图恢复天主教会和专制统治，遭到人民反对。资产阶级和新贵族害怕人民运动再度兴起，便向封建贵族妥协，邀请詹姆士二世的长女玛丽和她丈夫、荷兰执政威廉来英国当女王和国王，詹姆士二世被迫逃亡。玛丽和威廉即位后批准国会提出的《权利法案》，从而确立了君主立宪制。由于这次政变没有引起内战，所以资产阶级史学家称之为“不流血革命”或“光荣革命”。（下面是翻译）Acoupin1688theBritishbourgeoisieandnewnobilitylaunched.In1685JamesScametothethrone,inanattempttorestoretheCatholicChurchandautocraticrule,wasagainstthepeople.Thebourgeoisieandnewnobilityisafraidofpeople'smovementtoriseagain,thefeudalaristocracycompromise,invitedJamesS'sdaughterMarieandherhusbandWilliam,Holland'srulingtoBritainwhenthequeenandtheking,JamesSwasforcedtoflee.MarieandWilliamascendedthethroneaftertheapprovalofCongressbillofrights,whichestablishedtheconstitutionalmonarchy.Becauseofthecoupdidnotcauseacivilwar,sobourgeoishistorianscalledthebloodlessrevolutionorthegloriousrevolution.4.地理大发现（Geographicaldiscovery）西方历史学中对15～17世纪欧洲航海者发现新航路的通称。或以哥伦布发现美洲新大陆等事件为代表的15～17世纪欧洲国家进行的海上新航路的开辟和对其已知世界以外的地球上新的地理单元的发现。（又称大航海时代，即新航路的开辟），欧洲航海者开辟新航路和“发现”新大陆的通称，它是地理学发展史中的重大事件.(下面是翻译)In15~seventeenthCenturyEuropeannavigatorsfoundinwesternhistoryknownasthenewairroute.WiththediscoveryoftheAmericasorKolumbeventssuchastherepresentativeofthe15tothenewrouteseaseventeenthCenturyEuropeancountriesopenedupandoutsideoftheknownworldearthunitofthenewgeographicaldiscoveries.(alsoknownastheageofsail,namely,theopeningofnewroutes),Europeannavigatorstoopenupnewroutesandthediscoveryofthenewcontinentisknown,itisamajoreventinthehistoryofthedevelopmentingeography.简答：1.三次工业革命中的一次进行描述(三选一．．．)第一次工业革命（Thefirstindustrialrevolution）Theindustrialrevolutionfirstappearedintheworkshophandicraftindustryemergingcottontextileindustry.In1733,themechanicKayinventedtheflyingshuttle,greatlyimprovingtheweavingspeed,cottonwasinshortsupply.In1765,theweaverHargreavesinventedthespinningJeanne,greatlyincreasedproductionofcottonyarn.Jeannespinningmachineappearedfirstlyinthecottontextileindustryinthemachineoftheinvention,innovationofchainreaction,openedintheindustrialrevolution.Thereafter,inthecottontextileindustryhasemergedinthemulemachine,waterconservancymachineweavingmachine.Soon,inthemining,metallurgicalandmanyotherindustrialsectors,alsohavethemachineproduction.Withtheincreaseofmachineproduction,originalpowersuchasanimal,hydroandwindhavebeenunabletomeettheneedsof.BerminghamintheUK,1785,Wattmadeimprovedsteamengineputintouse,andprovidemoreconvenientpower,getbepopularizedquickly,greatlypromotedthespreadanddevelopmentofmachine.Thehumansocietyenterstheageofsteam.ThefirstindustrialrevolutionAlongwiththeindustrialproductionofmachineproductiongraduallyreplacedmanualoperation,anewproductionorganizationform--bourgeoisfactorywasborn.Around1840,theBritishbigmachineshasbeenlargelyreplacedbyfactoriesandhandicraftproduction,theindustrialrevolutioncompleted.TheBritishbecametheworld'sfirstindustrialnation.第二次工业革命（Thesecondindustrialrevolution）TheSecondIndustrialRevolution,alsoknownastheTechnologicalRevolution,wasaphaseofthelargerIndustrialRevolutioncorrespondingtothelatterhalfofthe19thcenturyuntilWorldWarI.ItisconsideredtohavebegunaroundthetimeoftheintroductionofBessemersteelinthe1860sandculminatedinearlyfactoryelectrification,massproductionandtheproductionline.TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionwascharacterizedbythebuildoutofrailroads,largescaleironandsteelproduction,widespreaduseofmachineryinmanufacturing,greatlyincreaseduseofsteampower,andbyelectricalcommunications.TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionsawrapidindustrialdevelopment,primarilyinBritain,GermanyandtheUnitedStates,butalsoinFrance,theLowCountriesandJapan.ItfollowedonfromtheFirstIndustrialRevolutionthatbeganinBritaininthelate18thcenturythatthenspreadthroughoutWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica.第三次工业革命（Thethirdindustrialrevolution）（不推荐写第三次工业革命）TheDigitalRevolutionisthechangefromanalogmechanicalandelectronictechnologytodigitaltechnologythathastakenplacesincec.1980andcontinuestothepresentday.Implicitly,thetermalsoreferstothesweepingchangesbroughtaboutbydigitalcomputingandcommunicationtechnologyduringthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.AnalogoustotheAgriculturalRevolutionandIndustrialRevolution,theDigitalRevolutionmarkedthebeginningoftheI