英语词汇学教程参考答案(杨信彰)

1《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter11.Thethreedefinitionsagreethatlexicologystudieswords.Yet,theyhavedifferentfocuses.Definition1focusesonthemeaningandusesofwords,whiledefinition2ontheoverallstructureandhistory.Definition3regardslexicologyasabranchoflinguisticsandfocusesonthesemanticstructureofthelexicon.Itisinterestingtonotethatthethreedefinitionsusedifferentnamesfortheobjectofstudy.ForDefinition1,itiswords,forDefinition2thevocabularyofalanguage,andforDefinition3thelexicon.2.(1)Theycangointotheroom,andiftheylike,shutthedoor.(2)Youboysarerequiredtogiveinyourhomeworkbefore10o’clock.(3)Iwatchthefootballmatchhappilyandfinditveryinteresting.3.(1)Whenitfollows‘-t’and‘-d’,itispronouncedas[id];(2)Whenitfollowsvoicelessconsonants,itispronouncedas[t];(3)Whenitfollowsvoicedconsonantsandvowels,itispronouncedas[d].4.(1)Theyarewordsthatcanbeincludedinasemanticfieldof“tree”.(2)Theyrepresenttheformsoftheverb“fly”andhaveacommonmeaning.(3)Theybelongtoalexicalfieldof“telephonecommunication”.(4)Theyaresynonyms,relatedtohumanvisualperception.Specifically,theydenotevariouskindsof“looking”.5.(a)'blackboard:aboardwithadarksmoothsurface,usedinschoolsforwritingwithchalk(theprimarystressinonblack);'blackbird:aparticularkindofbird,whichmaynotnecessarilybeblackincolor(theprimarystressinonblack);'greyhound:aslender,swiftdogwithkeensight(theprimarystressinonblack);'WhiteHouse:theresidenceoftheUSPresidentinWashington(theprimarystressinonblack).(b)'black'board:anyboardwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);'black'bird:anybirdwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);'grey'hound:anyhoundthatisgreyincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);'white'house:anyhousethatispaintedwhite(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress).6.Thereare44orthographicwords,i.e.sequencesoflettersboundedbyspace.Thereare24openclasswordsand20closedclasswords.7.(a)The‘bull’isliteral,referringtoamalebovineanimal.(b)‘Takethebullbythehorn’isanidiom,meaning(havingthecourageto)dealwithsomeoneorsomethingdirectly.(c)‘Likeabullinachinashop’isanidiom,meaningdoingsomethingwithtoomuchenthusiasmortooquicklyorcarelesslyinawaythatmaydamagethingsorupsetsomeone.(d)A‘bullmarket’isonewherepricesrisefastbecausethereisalotofbuyingofsharesinanticipationofprofits.28.drinkingvessels:cup,mug,glass,tumbler,tankard,goblet,bowl,beaker,wineglass,beerglass,sherryglassTheycanbeorganizedinanumberofways,forexample,bythedrinksthevesselisusedfor.Non-alcoholic:glass,tumbler,cup,mug,beaker,bowlBeer:beerglass,tankardWine:wineglass,gobletSpirits:sherryglassChapter21.Lexemeisanabstractlinguisticunitwithdifferentvariants,forexample,singasagainstsang,sung.Morphemeistheultimategrammaticalconstituent,thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample,moralizersisanEnglishwordcomposedoffourmorphemes:moral+lize+er+s.Anyconcreterealizationofamorphemeinagivenutteranceiscalledamorph,suchascat,chair,-ing,-s,etc.Allomorphsarethealternatephoneticformsofthesamemorpheme,forexample,[t],[d]and[id]areallomorphsofthepasttensemorphemeinEnglish.2.quick-ly,down-stair-s,four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude3.island,surname,disclose,duckling,cranberry,reading,poets,flavourfulness,famous,subvert4.(a)[ə](b)[-ai]5.(1)-’s,-s(2)-est,-s(3)-ing(4)-ed6.Theconnotationsareasfollows:(1)slang,carryingtheconnotationofreluctance,(2)informal,carryingtheconnotationthatthespeakerisspeakingtoachild,(3)beastieisusedtoasmallanimalinScotland,carryingtheconnotationofdisgust,(4)carryingtheconnotationofformalness,(5)carryingtheconnotationoflight-heartedness.7.{-əm;～-n;～-n;～-i:～-s;～-z;～-iz}8.court:polysemydart:polysemyfleet:homonymyjam:homonymypad:homonymysteep:homonymystem:homonymystuff:polysemywatch:polysemy9.(1)—(f),(2)—(g),(3)—(c),(4)—(e),(5)—(a),(6)—(d),(7)—(b)310.(1)unpractical(2)break(3)impractical(4)rout(5)pedals(6)Route(7)razeChapter31.ThehistoryofEnglishcanbedividedintofourperiods:theOld,Middle,EarlymiddleandModernEnglishperiods.InOldEnglishperiod,thereisafrequentuseofcoinagesknownas‘kennings’,whichreferstovividfigurativedescriptionsofteninvolvingcompounds.Theabsenceofawide-rangingvocabularyofloanwordsforcepeopletorelymoreonword-formationprocessesbasedonnativeelements.ThelatterperiodofOldEnglishwascharacterizedbytheintroductionofanumberof‘loantranslations’.GrammaticalrelationshipsinOldEnglishwereexpressedbytheuseofinflectionalendings.AndOldEnglishisbelievedtocontainabout24,000differentlexicalitems.InMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishgrammarandvocabularychangedgreatly.Ingrammar,Englishchangedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoananalyticlanguage.InvocabularyEnglishwascharacterizedbythelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadditionofthousandsofwordsfromFrenchandLatin.InEarlyModernEnglishperiod,Englishvocabularygrewveryfastthroughextensiveborrowingandexpansionofword-formationpatterns.Andtherewasagreatmanysemanticchanges,asoldwordsacquirenewmeanings.ModernEnglishischaracterizedwiththreemainfeaturesofunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabulary,theassertionofAmericanEnglishasadominantvarietyofthelanguage,andtheemergenceofothervarie