文学复习(名词解释)

Alliteration:(1)(alsoknownasheadrhyme'or'initialrhyme'),therepetitionofthesamesounds—usuallyinitialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables—inanysequenceofneighboringwords.(2)Forinstance,Tennyson’s'Landscape-lover.lordoflanguage'.Beowulfisanothercaseinpoint.Beowulfisanothercaseinpoint.Romancesaretalesofadventureinwhichknights,ordistressedladies,experiencedvarioustestsandhadtheirwisheseventuallyfulfilled.Thereasonsfortheiradventurescouldbelove,religiousfaith,orthemeredesireforexcitement.Balladisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Whenitwassungbyballad-singers,theaudiencesangtherefrainthatusuallyfollowedeachstanza.Heroiccoupletisaverseforminepicpoetry,withlinesoftensyllablesandfivestresses,inrhymingpairs,firstlyusedbythe14th-centurypoetGeoffreyChaucer.Spenserianstanza:ForTheFaerieQueene,Spenseroriginatedanine-lineversestanza,nowknownastheSpenserianstanza:thefirsteightlinesareiambicpentameter,andtheninth,iambichexameter;therhymeschemeisababbcbcc.Universitywits:(1)UniversitywitsrefertoagroupofscholarsduringtheElizabethanAgewhograduatedfromeitherOxfordorCambridge.TheycametoLondonwiththeambitiontobecomeprofessionalwriters.Someofthemlaterbecamefamouspoetsandplaywrights.Theywerecalled“universitywits.”(2)TomasGreene,TomasKyd,JohnLilyandChristopherMarlowewereamongthem.(3)Theypavedtheway,tosomedegree,forthecomingShakespeare.Sonnet:apoemconsistsof14lineswithformalrhymescheme,expressingdifferentaspectsofasinglethought,mood,orfeeling,sometimessummedupinthelastlinesofthepoem.ThetwomajorformsarethePetrarchanorItalian,andtheShakespeareanorElizabethan.1)abababab,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines,withapauseinthethoughtaftertheoctave.2)ababcdcdefefgg.Thefinalrhymedcoupletmakesaneffective,unifyingclimaxtothewhole.Blankverse:unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.ItisaveryflexibleEnglishverseformwhichcanattainrhetoricalgrandeurwhileechoingthenaturalrhythmsofspeech.Soliloquy:adramaticspeechdeliveredbyonecharacterspeakingaloudwhileundertheimpressionofbeingalone.Thesoliloquistthusrevealshisorherinnerthoughtsandfeelingstotheaudience,eitherinsupposedself-communionorinaconsciouslydirectaddressAllegory:anarrativeinwhichthecharactersandthesettingstandforabstractqualitiesandideas.Thewriterofanallegoryisnotsimplytryingtomakethecharactersandtheiractionsrealistic,buttomakethemrepresentativeofideasortruths.MetaphysicalSchool:Theyareaschoolofpoetsatthebeginningofthe17thcentury,withJohnDonneasthefounder.Theirworksaregenerallycharacterizedbymysticismandobscurityincontentandfantasticalityandconceitinform.Knownfortheirexcessiveuseofphilosophyanddeliberateshow-offoftheirclevernessandlearning,theyhavegreatinfluenceonthe20thcenturypoetsesp.ontheimagistslikeT.S.EliotandYeats.Neoclassicism:TheclassicistsmodeledthemselvesonGreekandLatinauthors,writingfortherisingbourgeoisietotidyupthecapitalistsocialorder.Theneoclassicistshavetheirartisticideas:order,logic,symmetry,restraint,accuracy,goodtaste,goodsense,decorum(礼节)andsoon.Satire:theliteraryartofridiculingafollyorviceinordertoexposeorcorrectit.Itisaparticularuseofhumorformoralpurposes.Itseekstouselaughter,notjusttoremindusofourcommon,oftenridiculoushumanity,butrathertoexposethosemoralexcesses.Sentimentalism:Theenlightenersfoughtagainstthesurvivalsoffeudalism,butsomeofthemvaguelyfoundthebourgeoisprogressbroughtwithitsruintothepeople,andtheyalsofoundthepowerofreasontobeinsufficientindealingwiththesocialinjusticewhichwasheldstrong,andthereforetheyappealedtosentiments,orsensesasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.Romanticism:Itreferstotheliteraryandartisticmovementofthelate18thcenturyandearly19thcentury.RomanticismrejectedtheearlierphilosophyoftheEnlightenment,whichstressedlogicandreason.Instead,theRomanticsemphasizedemotionandpassion.Theyassertedtheuniquenatureoftheindividual,thevalueofspontaneityover“artificeandconvention”,therejectionofcivilizedcorruption,andadesiretoreturntonature.Ode:acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninaformalstyleonsomeserioussubjects.Itaimsatglorifyinganindividual,commemoratinganevent,ordescribingnature.Historicalnovel:aliterarygenrecharacterizedbytheattempttofusestrongdramaticplotlinesandcrediblehumanpsychology,withinasettingconstitutedfromspecifichistoricaldetail(typicallybasedupondiligentresearchintoactualevents,locations,andcharacters,aswellasculturalcustoms,costume,andspeech).CriticalRealism:Itisoneoftheliterarygenresthatflourishedmainlyinthe19thcentury.Itrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcashuponhumannature.TheEnglishcriticalrealistnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandtherulingclass,butalsoshowedaprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Intheirbestworks,thegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassesarecontrastedwiththehonestyandgood-heartednessoftheobscure“simplepeople”ofthelowerclasses.Dramaticmonologue:(1)Itisatypeofpoeminwhichacharacter,atsomespecificandcriticalmoment,addressesanidentifiablebutsilentaudience,therebyunintentionallyrevealinghisorheressentialtemperamentandpersonality.(2)RobertBrowning’sMyLastDuc