转换生成语法PPT

Transformational-GenerativeGrammarⅠTheBirthofTGGrammarAndtheInnatenessHypothesis1.Founder:AmericanlinguistNoamChomskyFullnameAvramNoamChomskyBorn7December1928(1928-12-07)Philadelphia,PennsylvaniaEra20th/21st-centuryphilosophyRegionWesternPhilosophySchoolLinguistics,AnalyticMaininterestsLinguistics·Psychology·Philosophyoflanguage·Philosophyofmind·Politics·EthicsNotableideasGenerativegrammar,universalgrammar,transformationalgrammar,governmentandbinding,X-bartheory,Chomskyhierarchy,context-freegrammar,principlesandparameters,theminimalistprogram,languageacquisitiondevice,povertyofthestimulus,Chomsky-Schützenbergertheorem,ChomskyNormalForm,propagandamodel2.ThemarkofthebeginningThepublicationofSyntacticStructuresin1957InSyntacticStructures,Chomskytriestoconstructaformalizedtheoryoflinguisticstructureandplacesemphasisonrigorousformulationsandpreciselyconstructedmodels.3.Fivestagesofdevelopment1)TheClassicalTheory,whichaimstomakelinguisticsascience.SyntacticStructures,19752)TheStandardTheory,whichdealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguistictheoryAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax,19653)TheExtendedStandardTheory,whichfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammarStudiesonSemanticinGenerativeGrammar,19724)TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory(orGB),whichfocusesonGovernmentandBindingLecturesonGovernmentandBinding,19815)TheMinimalistProgram,whichisafurtherrevisionoftheprevioustheory.TheMinimalProgram,1995MinimalistInquiries:TheFramework,19984.TheInnatenessHypothesis(WhyshouldtherebeaTGGrammar?)WhenasastudentofHebrewwiththestructuralistmethodology,hefoundthattheclassificationofstructuralelementsoflanguageaccordingtodistributionandsubstitutionhaditslimitation……hebelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate,andthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsaLanguageAcquisitionDevice,whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning......Accordingtohim,thestudyoflanguage,orthestructureoflanguage,canthrowsomelightonthenatureofthehumanmind.Hypothesisisbasedonsomeimportantfacts:1).Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageveryfastandwithlittleeffort.2).Childrenlearntheirmothertongueinverydifferentenvironments,buttheyfollowmoreorlessthesamestagesinacquisition:①thebabblingstage②nonsensewordstage③holophrasticstage④two-wordutterance⑤developinggrammar⑥near-adultgrammar⑦fullcompetence3)Thechildrenlearnsthetotalgrammarofthelanguageduringalimitedperiodoftime,fromlimitedexposuretospeech(whichisoftendegeneratedata)Allthesesuggestedthatalthoughbabiesarenotbornknowingalanguage,theyarebornwithaprepositiontodevelopalanguage.Ifchildrenarepredisposedforlearninganylanguage,humanlanguagesintheworldmusthavethesameunderlyingprinciplesincommon.ThisiswhatChomskycalledlanguageuniversalsorlinguisticuniversals.ⅡTheClassicalTheoryandtheStandardTheory1.HowtobeginthestudyofLanguageUniversal?1)Chomskybelievesthateveryspeakeroflanguagehasmasteredandinternalizedagenerativegrammarthatexpresseshisknowledgeofhislanguage.Andthegenerativegrammar,means“asystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences”.2)Inordertoreachhisultimategoal,Chomskyputsforwardthreedifferentlevelstoevaluategrammarson:①theobservationaladequacylevel②thedescriptiveadequacylevel③theexplanatoryadequacy3)ContrarytoBloomfield’sdata-orienteddiscoveryprocedure,ChomskyinsistsontheHypothesis-deductionmethodandhisresearchiscalledevaluationprocess4)Whatisagenerativegrammar?①Byagenerativegrammar，Chomskysimplymeans“asystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences”.Hebelievesthateveryspeakerofalanguagehasmasteredandinternalizedagenerativegrammarthatexpresseshisknowledgeofhislanguage.“Thusagenerativegrammarattemptstospecifywhatthespeakeractuallyknows，notwhathemayreportabouthisknowledge.”(Chomsky,1965)②Togenerateistopredictwhatcouldbethepossiblesentencesoflanguage.③Transformationisakindofprocessthattransformsonesentenceintoanother.Itusesafinitenumberofrulestoproduceinfinitenumberofsentences.2.TheclassicalTheory1)Itaimstomakelinguisticsascience:2)Itsfeatures:①emphasisongenerativeabilityoflanguage②introductionoftransformationalrules③grammaticaldescriptionregardlessofmeaning3)Chomskyputforwardthreekindsofgrammar:①finitestategrammar②phrasestructuregrammar③transformationalgrammarThreekindsofgrammar①Thefinitestategrammarisappropriatetodescribeprocessoflearning,butitisinappropriatetoexplainthecomplexitiesofthehumancognitivesystem.Itcontainsdeepstructureandsurfacestructure.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction②Thephrasestructurerulesareasfollows:a.S→NP+VPb.VP→Verb+NPc.NP→NP(single)NP(plural)d.NP(s)→D+Ne.NP(p)→D+N+sf.D→theg.N→｛man,ball,door,dog,book,…｝h.Verb→aux+Vi.V→｛hit,take,bite,eat,walk,…｝j.Aux→Tense(+M)(+have+en)(+be+ing)k.Tense→PresentPastl.M→｛will,can,may,shall,must,…｝NPArtNPPPNPArtNPPPNPArtNPPPNPArtNPPThehouseinthewoodsbythemountainsneartheriver…embedding③Transformationalrules(T-rules)aretheoperationsthatadd，deleteorchangeelements