电子与半导体产业

[e-mail]200722007••••[e-mail]32007•••(Fordham)••••••42007•–•–•(Fordham)–•–•–•–•–52007•••••6200772007Technology•–2003•–EverettM.Rogers(1983),DiffusionofInnovations,ThirdEdition,NewYork,FreePress8200792007$$$102007112007122007132007142007•(Jolly,1997Jolly,VijayK.(1997)CommercializingNewTechnologies:GettingfromMindtoMarket,Boston:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress.152007•••••1620071720071.2.3.182007192007•••••PovlA.Hansen–Technovation–August1995202007•••≠212007222007232007242007Jolly(1997252007•••••262007•••272007282007••••••292007••••••302007•••••312007322007332007••(Idea)•342007••(NDA)•(18)•6•352007•••362007•(Method)¾•(Device)372007••()•••382007•––•–––392007402007••2001:201,554(113,707issued)•2003:289,448(169,251issued)•2005:184,172issued•PatentOfficeBacklog:408,579patentapplications•Avg.compoundgrowthrate:7.5%peryear••1998:$15billion•2004:$250billion•Avg.compoundgrowthrate:26.8%peryear•IBM1-2%•2000:$1.6billion•2002:$1.8billion•2004:$2.6billion412007(1,296)(11)FujitsuLimited1,15410(1,311)(9)ToshibaCorporation1,2589(1,893)(8)Hitachi,Ltd1,2718(1,513)(7)IntelCorporation1,5497(1,601)(5)MicronTechnology,Inc1,5616(1,604)(6)SamsungElectronicsCo.,Ltd.1,6415(1,934)(2)MatsushitaElectricIndustrialCo.,Ltd.1,6884(1,775)(4)Hewlett-PackardDevelopmentCompany,L.P.1,7973(1,805)(3)CanonKabushikiKaisha1,8282(3,248)(1)InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation2,9411(2004Patents)(2004Rank)OrganizationPreliminary#Patentsin2005PreliminaryRankin2005422007•(therighttoexcludeothersfrommaking,using,selling,offeringforsaleorimporting)•432007ClaimA,B,CClaimA,B,C,DABCD()ABC442007•(FirsttoinventinU.S.)•(Utility)•(Novel)•(Non-obvious)452007PatentCooperationTreaty462007•Earliestdateof“conception”•Earliestdateof“reductiontopractice”•Dateoffirstpublicuse•Dateoffirstpublication•Dateoffirstofferforsale•Dateoffirstsale472007•(dateofinvention)–()•(non-obvious)482007•––••••••492007502007•––––512007•(claims)••(utilityapplication)522007532007–96%78%–8264–5947–4837–4834–2823–65(Cohen,NelsonandWalsh,2000)542007••••552007•$20,000–$10,000$40,000•$2,000,000–•$1million-$350,000to$750,000•$1millionto$25million-$1,000,000to$3,000,000•$25million-$2,300,000to$6,000,0005620070100020003000400050006000197519801985199019952000#USPatentsAwarded/Year(1975-2000)Source:Ziedonis(2002)572007#AnnualPatentAwardsv.PatentCaseFilings0100020003000400050006000197519801985199019952000#PatentAwards0102030405060708090100#Cases#PatentsAwarded#PatentCasesInvolved(Ziedonis,2003,“TheEnforcementofPatentRightsintheUnitedStates:InsightsfromCasesInvolvingUSSemiconductorFirms”)582007•13656%•53%•65%•:••R&D(1973-2001)592007•674patents(504unique):–55%–23%–20%–1%???•:–#1:TI(70)–BoonecalculatororKilbyICpatents–#2:Intel(34)–mathco-processor,EPROM/EEPROM–#3:JeromeLemelson(17)–scanners(1973-2001)602007•Standardsetting,patentpooling,cross-licensing.•standardizationofinterfacespecifications(Openbodies;Closedbodies;DeFactoStandards).61200761••••62200762•TheJEDECSolidStateTechnologyAssociation•SemiconductorstandardizationbodyoftheElectronicIndustriesAlliance(EIA)••300•JEDEC:•Earlydisclosureofknownpatentsandpatentapplicationsrelevanttotheworkoftheformulatingcommittee.”•Writtennoticefromthepatentholderorapplicantthat•alicensemadeavailablewithoutcompensationtoallapplicantstousethepatentforimplementingthestandard(s),or•alicensemadeavailableunderreasonabletermsandconditionsthataredemonstrablyfreeofanyunfairdiscrimination.”JEDEC63200763•FederalTradeCommissionv.DellComputerCorp.,FTCFileNo.9310097(Nov.2,1995)(BreachedofcommitmenttodisclosepatentstotheVideoElectronicsStandardsAssociation(VESA)beforetheorganizationdevelopedastandardrelyingonthosepatents.•Rambusv.InfineonTechnologies,164F.Supp.2d743(E.D.VA2001)(appealtoFed.Cir.arguedJune3,2002).•IntheMatterofRambusInc.,FTCFileNo.0110017,DocketNo.9302(filedJune19,2002).(TheFTCchargedRambus,Inc.withviolatingfederalantitrustlawsbyengaginginanticompetitivepracticesthatservedtodeceivetheJEDEC.)