跨文化交际-名词解释

1Givedefinitionstothefollowing(1)Interculturalcommunication:Face-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferingculturalbackgrounds.(2)Intraculturalcommunication:Sharedinterpersonalcommunication(人际交际)betweenmembersofthesameculture.(3)Hostculture:Themainstreamcultureinanyoneparticularcountry.(4)Minorityculture:culturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelationtothehostculture.(5)Subculture(co-culture):Asmaller,possiblynonconformist（不遵循社会常规的人）,subgroupwiththehostculture.(6)Multiculturalism:Theofficialrecognitionofacountry’sculturalandethnicdiversity.(7)Cross-culturalcommunication:Facetofacecommunicationbetweenrepresentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferentcultures.(8)Perception（感知）:Perceptionisthemeansbywhichwemakesenseofourphysicalandsocialworld.(9)Individualism:individualismreferstothedoctrine（教义）thattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount（至上的）,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals.Itemphasizesindividualinitiative（主动权）,independence，individualexpression,andevenprivacy.(10)Collectivism:Collectivismmeansgreateremphasisontheviews,needsandgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself;socialnorms(标准，规范)anddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishedselffromin-groupandgreatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.(11)Powerdistance:Powerdistancereferstotheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpower,inrelationships,institutionsandorganizationsaredistributedunequally.(12)Context:Informationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricably（免不了的）boundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.(13)High-contextcommunication:Ahigh-contextcommunicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitly（明白的）transmittedpartoftheinformation.(14)Low-contextcommunication:Low-contextcommunicationormessageisoneinwhichlittleinformationisreadyintheperson,whilemostisinthecoded,inexplicitlytransmittedpartoftheinformation.2(15)High-contextculture:Mostoftheinformationlieseitherinthesettingorinthepeoplewhoarepartoftheinteraction.Verylittleinformationisactuallycontainedintheverbalmessage.(16)Low-contextcultures:Theverbalmessagecontainsmostoftheinformationandverylittleisembedded（嵌入）inthecontextortheparticipants.(17)Activityorientation（活动观）:Activityorientationisthewayacultureviewsactivity.Therecommonmodesofactivityexpressionsare:beingorientation（存在观）,being-in-becomingorientationanddoingorientation.(18)Nonverbalcommunication:Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuli（刺激）inacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceive.(19)Paralanguage（副语言）:Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeechthatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.Mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageinto3kindsofvocalizations（发声）:vocalcharacterizers,vocalqualifiersandvocalsegregates.(20)M-time:PeopleinM-timeculturetendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;anever-presentpartoftheenvironment.Theyseetimeaslineal,segmentedandmanaged.(21)P-time:ForP-timeculture,timeislesstangibleandhencefeelingsofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasinM-timeculture.