英国文学选读知识总结

GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)乔叟Hewasbornin1343inLondon.Hediedin1400andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,thusfoundingthe“PoetsCorner”.ThefatherofEnglishPoetryandoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland.“TheCanterburyTales”(1387-1400)ItisChaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.Chaucer’sContributiontoEnglishLiteratureChaucerisregardedasthefounderofEnglishpoetryandhasbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishrealism.”HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallythe“heroiccouplet”(英雄双韵体)toEnglishpoetry.Hismasterpiece“TheCanterburyTales”isoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德Structureofapoem:Apoemcanbebrokendownintothreeparts:(1)Stanza(节):agroupoflinessetofffromtheotherlinesinapoem.Itisthepoeticequivalentofaparagraphinprose.Intraditionalpoems,thestanzausuallycontainsaunitofthought.(2)Theline(行):asinglelineofpoetry(3)Thefoot(音步):asyllableoragroupof2or3syllables.Toscanalineofpoetryonecountsthenumberoffeetinaline.Forabeginner,theeasiestthingtodoistocountthenumberofstresses.Typicallyafootwillcontainastressedandanunstressedsyllable.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)playwright,poet,actor.ShakespeareandAeschylusarethetwogreatestdramaticgeniusestheworldhaseverknown.—CarlMarks.TheGreatTragedies:《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601)《奥赛罗》(Othello,1604)《李尔王》(KingLear,1605)《麦克白》(Macbeth,1606)TheGreatComedies威尼斯商人》(TheMerchantofVenice,1596)《仲夏夜之梦》(AMidsummerNight'sDream,1596)《第十二夜》(TwelfthNight,1600)《皆大欢喜》(AsYouLikeIt,1601)Shakespeare’scareerasadramatistmaybedividedintofourmajorphases.:TheFirstPeriod(1590-1594)Thisperiodistheperiodofhisapprenticeshipinplay-writing.Works:HenryVITheComedyofErrors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love’sLabor’sLost《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》RomeoandJuliet,etc.TheSecondPeriod(1595-1600)Thisperiodishismatureperiod,mainlyaperiodof“greatcomedies”andmaturehistoricalplays.Itincludes6comedies,5historicalplaysand1Romantragedy.Hissonnetsarealsothoughttobewritteninthisperiod.TheThirdPeriod(1601-1607)ThethirdperiodofShakespeare’sdramaticcareerismainlytheperiodof“greattragedies”and“darkcomedies”.Itincludes5tragedies,3comediesand2Romantragedies.Majorworkswritteninthisperiod:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatraTheFourthPeriod(1608-1612)ThefourthperiodofShakespeare’sworkistheperiodofromanticdrama.Itincludes4romancesor“reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”.Shakespeare’sLiteraryPosition:ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreatesttreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage.ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwritersinworldliterature.Hamlet:HamletisconsideredthesummitofShakespeare’sart.ItisoneofShakespeare’scanon,anditisuniversallyincludedinthelistoftheworld’sgreatestworks.It’swrittenintheformofblankverse.blankverse:poetryinrhymelessiambicpentameter.（素体诗剧）Thestory,comingfromanoldDanishlegend,isatragedyofthe“revenge”genre.Shakespeareincorporatesintothemedievalstoryothermajorhumanisticthemes,includinglove,justice,goodandevil,andmostnotably,madness,andthespiritofthetimeInjustice,conspiracy,andbetrayalinthesociety。1.firstblow:father’smurderandmother’sre-marriage2.secondblow:betrayalofhistwoformerfriendsRosencrantzandGuildenstern3.thirdblow:betrayalofhisgirlfriendOpheliaThegreatnessoftheplay:inpraiseofthenoblequalityofPrinceHamletasarepresentativeofhumanistthinkersandhisdisillusionmentwiththecorruptanddegeneratedsocietyinwhichhelived.Hamletisahumanist,amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions.Hehasanunboundedlovefortheworldinsteadoftheheaven.Startingfromhishumanistloveofman,hereturnedtothosearoundhimwiththesameeagerness.Helovesgoodandhatesevil.Akingandabeggarareallthesametohim.Hisintellectualgeniusisoutstanding.Heisacloseobserverofmenandmanners.Heeasilyseesthroughpeople.HisimagereflectstheversatilityofthemenoftheRenaissance.Thekey-noteofHamlet’scharacterismelancholy.Buthismelancholyisnotthenegativekind.Reasons:1)Hismentalworldhasgonethroughtheshockofapersonalwrongtoanawakeningofhisgreatresponsibilityinreformingtheworldasawhole.Buttorealizehisidealinhistimewasbeyondhim.ThisisthecauseofHamlet’sprofoundmelancholy2)Hehastheopportunityofkillingtheking,yetherefusestodoso.Becausewhenthekingispraying,ifhekillshim,hewillsendhimtotheheaven.thevillainhasbecometheking,ifheiskilledabruptly,itwillcausepanictothepeopleanddangertothestate.LifeanddeathLifeisfullofhardshipDeathisalsoverymysterious(undiscoveredcountryfromwhichnotravelerreturns)Hamlet:characteranalysisPhilosophicalContemplativeMelancholicBeowulf:thenationalepicofAnglo-Saxonscontainsatleast3182lines(alliteration头韵,therepetitionofthefirstconsonantorvowel)TheCanterburyTales:anarrativepoemwritteninrhymediambicpentameter,heroiccouplet(英雄双韵体)Shakespeare’splaysandSonnets:unrhymediambicpentameter(无韵式抑扬格五音步),blankverse(素体诗BasicKnowledgeofPoetryTersarima:three-linedstanza三行诗节Quatrain:four-linedstanza四行诗节Octave:律诗Sonnet:十四行诗Couplet:双韵体Rhythm:格律Poeticlicense:诗的破格Poeticdiction:诗语（诗歌用词）：e.g.thou/thee—you;thy/thine—your;thyself—yourself;art—are;ow’st—ow