(完整版)module8新编剑桥商务英语(初级)第三版

Module8•Businesstopic:Manufacturingprocesses–Graffitiaproblem?Justwashit–Thepassive–Supplyanddemand/Productionphilosophy–Just-In-Time(JIT)•Businessskills:Problemsadsolutions–Solvingproblems–UseaSmartLid–WhenandIf–Collocations(词语搭配)withproblems–We’vegotaproblem(casepractice)P76Readthearticle•Thenameofthecompany•Whatkindofproductsthecompanymakes•Whousestheproducts•Hubdean•Graffitiresistantpaints,andanti-graffititreatment•LocalcouncilsandprivatecompaniesalloverUKPassive•不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁.•强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者–Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.–ThismachinewasmadeinGermany.–Thecompanywasestablishedin1950.–Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.–Thisbookwaspublishedlastyear.–Thewindowwasbroken.不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态•Appear/disappear•Die•End•Fail•Happen•Last持续•Lie•Remain•Sit•Spread•stand•breakout突发，爆发•cometrue成真•fallasleep•keepsilence•loseheart失去勇气，丧失信心•takeplace发生P77Exercise51.Ifthereisadelay,theclient____________________________________.2.Thenewsystem____________________________________.3.We____________________________________.4.Production____________________________________.5.Thearea____________________________________.IsinformedIsbeingtestedWereshownaroundthefactoryHasbeenincreasedWillbecleanedtomorrowExercise61.Manage2.Faced3.Areused4.Werebeingvandalised5.Tried6.Wascleanedoff7.Weredefaced8.Contacted9.Haveworked10.Havebeenprotected•Disposable用完即弃的•Eliminate消除，消灭•Elimination•Financialreturn金融回报•Frustrated挫折的，泄气的•Gooff离开，消失，变质•Innovation创新•Interrupt打断，妨碍•Interruption•Inventory存货清单•Loadingbay装卸湾•Maintenance保养，维护•Mechanism机构，机制•Philosophy哲学，理论•Poka-yoke防差错技术•Prevent防止•Rawmaterials原材料•Reliable可靠的•Scenario设想，方案•Supplyanddemand供求•Surface表面•Treatment处理，治疗•Underlicense领有执照•Vandal故意破坏者•Gooutofbusiness破产•Inabuyer’smarket在买方市场•Meetthestandards符合标准•TotalQualityControl(TQM)•Turnred/blue/green…P78Definitions•Automated•Capacity•Delivery•Demand•Handmade•Order•makeautomaticorcontroloroperateautomatically.•theamountthatcanbecontained.•theactofdeliveringordistributingsomething.•theabilityanddesiretopurchasegoodsandservices.•madebyhandorahandprocess.•arequestforsomethingtobemade,supplied,orserved.•Output•Plant•Produce•Product•Supply•Warehouse•thequantityofsomething(asacommodity)thatiscreated.•buildingsforcarryingonindustriallabor.•createormanufactureaman-madeproduct.•commoditiesofferedforsale.•offeringgoodsandservicesforsale.•astorehouseforgoodsandmerchandise.Exercise2•Warehouse•Orders•Demand•Automated•Capacity•ProductsExercise3•Supply•Plant•ahandmade•Produce•Output•DeliveriesProductionPhilosophy1.J2.F3.B4.C5.G6.E7.I8.A9.D10.HJustInTime(JIT)•Productionmethodtodescribetheconditionwherethereisnoexcessinventorycarriedinstockandproductionisfedbymaterialsarriving“justintime”forproduction.•利用即时送达的材料来供应生产，以达到无过剩库存的情况。Aninventorystrategy•Inventoryisprobablyoneofthetwobiggestassetsonyourcompany‘sbalancesheet.Itisanimportantdeterminant(决定因素)ofReturnOnAssets(ROA资产收益率)andothermeasuresoffinancialperformance.（财务业绩）•Carryingstockisexpensive,usually20%-40%oftheaveragevalueperyear.Itwastescapital--capitalthebusinessmayneedforgrowth.Itrequireslargewarehousesandvaluablefloorspace.Largestocksrequiremassivecomputersystemsfortrackingandcontrol.JustInTimeandTheToyotaProductionSystem•TheJapanesestudiedAmericanproductionmethodswithparticularattentiontoFordpracticesandtheStatisticalQualityControlpracticesofIshikawa,EdwardsDeming,andJosephJuran.•AtToyotaMotorCompany,TaichiiOhnoandShigeoShingo,begantoincorporate(合并)FordproductionandothertechniquesintoanapproachcalledToyotaProductionSystemorJustInTime.•TheToyotapeoplealsorecognizedthattheFordsystemhadcontradictionsandshortcomings,particularlywithrespecttoemployees.•Toyotasoondiscoveredthatfactoryworkershadfarmoretocontributethanjustmusclepower.ThisdiscoveryprobablyoriginatedintheQualityCirclemovement.Ishikawa,Deming,andJuranallmademajorcontributionstothequalitymovement.•Anotherkeydiscoveryinvolvedproductvariety.TheFordsystemwasbuiltaroundasingle,neverchangingproduct.Itdidnotcopewellwithmultipleornewproducts.•Whentheproductivityandqualitygainsbecameevidenttotheoutsideworld,AmericanexecutivestraveledtoJapantostudyit.QualityCircle•QualityCircleisoneoftheemployeeparticipationmethods.•Itimpliesthedevelopmentofskills,capabilities,confidenceandcreativityofthepeoplethroughcumulativeprocessofeducation,training,workexperienceandparticipation.•Italsoimpliesthecreationoffacilitativeconditionsandenvironmentofwork,whichcreatesandsustainstheirmotivationandcommitmenttowardsworkexcellence.•asmallgroupof6to12employeesdoingsimilarwork•meettogetheronaregularbasistoidentifyimprovementsintheirrespectiveworkareas•usingproventechniquesforanalysingandsolvingworkrelatedproblemsTheconceptofQualityCircle•baseduponrecognitionofthevalueoftheworkerasahumanbeing,assomeonewhowillinglycontributesonhisjob,hiswisdom,intelligence,experience,attitudeandfeelings.•Ithasthreemajorattributes:–QualityCircleisaformofparticipationmanagement.–QualityCircleisahumanresourcedevelopmenttechnique.–QualityCircleisaproblemsolvingtechnique.ObjectiveofQualityCircle•