美国纽约警察的发展历程

美国纽约警察的发展历程[e-mail]荷兰殖民者时代的纽约皮革制服与治安岗亭•ALEATHERHEADANDHISSENTRYBOX•Calledleatherheadsbecauseoftheirdistinctiveleatherhelmets,theconstablewatchpatrolledthecityfromscatteredsentryboxesintheearlydecadesofthe1800s.Oftenthefirstonthesceneatfiresaconstantdangerinacitywithmanywoodenbuildings-theyworetheirhelmetsforprotectionagainstfallingdebris.Bythe1840s,theconstablewatchwasregardedasacollectionofidlersandgossiperswhocouldn'tcontrolNewYork'sgrowingcrimeanddisorderproblems.POLICESTATION,CIRCA1850•Varyinginsizedependingonlocation,manyearlypoliceprecinctstationhouseswereinconvertedhomes.Somewereinvirtuallyruralsettings,andothersinattachedbrownstones.Moststationhousesincludedadormitory,oftenmaintainedbypolicewidows,wherepatrolmensleptduringthehourstheyservedonreserveduty.Atypicalpatrolmanmightspendasmanyas13hoursonpatroland11hoursinreserveinasingleday.Itwasaschedule,apolicereporterobserved,devisedtogetallthedutyoutofapatrolmanthathissystemwouldstand.阿斯特宫广场暴动与警察THEASTORPLACERIOT•Peopletooktheirtheaterseriously,soseriouslythatarivalrybetweentwotragediansresultedinariotattheAstorPlaceTheater1849asamobtriedtopreventoneoftheactorsfromtakingthestage.Withthelargemobhurlingcobblestones,thepolicewereoverwhelmed.Themilitiafiredintothethrong,killing22peopleandwounding40.Theriotsoccasionedthefirstpolicetraininginriotcontrolandmilitarydrillandtheauthorizationofthefirstpoliceweapon,a22-inchclubtobeusedonlyincasesofurgentself-defense.1845年－1853年的标准制服PROPOSEDUNIFORMS•Whenuniformswerefirstproposedin1845,policeofficersrefusedtowearthembecausetheydidn'twanttoappearasliveriedlackeys,atermtheyappliedtotheBritishpolice.Abluefrockcoatwithbrassbuttonswasnotadoptedastheofficialuniformuntil18531802年－1844年的雅各布·海斯•JACOBSHAYS:Thehighconstablefrom1802to1844,HayswassaidtohaveknowneverycriminalinNewYork.Amanofgreatphysicalstrength,hepatrolledarmedonlywithhisconstable'sstaff,makingarrestsandquellingstreetbrawlssingle-handedly.InOldNewYork,misbehavingchildrenwerewarnedthatoldHayswillbeafteryou.1840年－1850年的警察局长：乔治·马蒂谢尔•CHIEFGEORGEW.MATSELL:Thefirstchiefofpoliceinthe1840sand1850s,MatsellalsoservedaspolicesuperintendentandpresidentofthePoliceCommissioninthe1870s,whencontrolofthepoliceforcereturnedtothecity.Abooksellerbytrade,MatsellalsobecamethepublisherofThePoliceGazette.马蒂谢尔时代的警徽•CHIEFMATSELL'SSHIELD:LikeallNewYorkCitypoliceofficers,ChiefMatsellworeacoppershieldbearingthesealoftheCityofNewYorksetinaneight-pointedstar.Thedepartmentquicklybecameknownasthestarpolice.Itispossiblethatthecopperbadgealsogaverisetotheslangtermcopperorcop,althoughthetermmayhavederivedfromtheinitialsforconstableonpatrol.1860年代的纽约警察1863年内战时报草民暴动•THECIVILWARDRAFTRIOTS:ThefinesthouroftheMetropolitanPolicewastheirheroicdefenseofthecityduringthedraftriotsof1863.Angrymobs,protestingtheconscriptionplansofLincoln'sembattledadministration,murderedAfrican-Americans,burnedprecincthousesandotherbuildings,andbeatPoliceSuperintendentJohnKennedysenseless.Drilledinmilitarytacticsandriotcontrol,aMetropolitancontingentof200routedamobofmorethan2,000onlowerBroadway,probablysavingCityHallandothercivicbuildingsfromdestruction.警察局总部大楼•POLICEHEADQUARTERS:300MulberryStreet,circa1869桑树街300号的警察局总部（1869年）（左）•240CENTRESTREET:Anewpoliceheadquartersopenedin1910afternearlyfiveyearsofconstruction.Fromitsgreatcopperdomeandrooftopobservationdecktoitsbasementpistolrange,thefive-storylimestonestructurewasmeant“toimpressboththeofficerandtheprisonerwiththemajestyofthelaw.”240号中心大街的警察局总部（右）20世纪初期的纽约市•THEBROOKLYNBRIDGE:Asymbolofthegrowingmetropolitanarea,theBrooklynBridgewasthelargeststructureinNewYorkwhenitwascompletedin1883.ItlinkedManhattanandtheindependentCityofBrooklynwhichmerged,togetherwithQueens,StatenIslandandtheBronx,toformtheGreaterCityofNewYorkin1898建成于1883年的布鲁克林大桥1887年的监狱女看守•POLICEMATRONS:In1887,theWomen'sChristianTemperanceUnionandtheWomen'sPrisonAssociationembarkedonafour-yearcrusadetoappointwomentothepolicedepartment.Womenwereneededtotendtotheincreasingnumberoffemalearrestees,notonlyprostitutesandstreetthievesbutalsoservantscaughtstealingfromhouseholds.Thefirstfourpolicematronswerehiredin1891,andby1896theirnumberhadgrownto30,withonematronworkingduringthedayandoneduringthenightineachofthe15precincts.IsabellaGoodwin,apolicewidowwhobecameamatronin1896,wentontodoundercoverworkandwaseventuallypromotedtofirstgradedetectivein1912.1880－1890时代的警察装备•POLICEEQUIPMENT:The1880sand1890sweremarkedbyanincreasingstandardizationofpoliceequipment:Iand2)domedfeltpolicehelmetsforsummerandwinteruse,3)theshortdaystick,4)shield,5)a.32caliber,six-shotrevolver,firstcarriedin1887,6)thelongnightstick,7)theornamentalrosewoodnightstickwithtassels,8)beltandfrog,9)thetwisterorcome-along,awirecoveredwithbraidedleatherusedtosecurethewristofanonviolentprisonerand10)handcuffs.桌式电话机前的警察局长•POLICECHIEFATHISDESKTELEPHONE:Theprecinctswereconnectedbytelegraphin1845andcommunicatedbymeansofMorsecode.Telephonesfirstcameintousein1891.Morethan600,000telegraphicandphonemessageswerereceivedanddispatchedoverpolicelinesin1906.传奇英雄托马斯·伯恩斯－－纽约