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第四章动词和时态第一节动词家有学霸曹老师知识梳理一、动词的概念与分类动词是句子中表示动作或者状态的词。根据动词的词义和在句中的作用,可以将动词划分为如下几类:二、动词的基本形式1.情态动词:没有人称和数的变化,后面接动词原形。如:Icanplaybasketballwell.MikecanspeakChinese.2.be动词:根据人称和时态的不同,呈现不同形式。如:现在时:Iamveryhappytoday.MikeisanAmericanboy.Theyareplayinginthesnow.过去时:HewasinGrade3lastyear.Wewereathomeyesterday.将来时:TherewillbeamatchbetweenClass1andClass2tomorrow.3.助动词:不能单独在句中使用,在句中的作用是帮助构成否定、疑问等句式。如:Wedonot(don't)haveclassesonSaturdays.Myfatherdoesnot(doesn't)workinthehospital.Didyougoswimminglastweekend?4.实义动词:小学阶段所学的实义动词有四种形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词形式(动词的ing形式)和过去式形式。如:(1)动词第三人称单数形式的构成①一般情况下,在动词词尾加s。如:work—works,look—looks,want—wants②以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的动词,在词尾加es。如:teach—teaches,wash—washes,dress(装扮)—dresses,fix(安装)—fixes,go—goes③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为i,再加es。如:fly—flies,cry—cries【注】play—plays,buy—buys④不规则变化。如:have—has,be—is(2)动词现在分词形式的构成①一般情况下,在动词词尾加ing。如:go—going,play—playing②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去e再加ing。如:write—writing,come—coming③以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写最后这个辅音字母再加ing。如:run—running,swim—swimming,shop—shopping④以ie结尾的动词,将ie改为y,再加ing。如:die—dying,lie—lying(3)动词过去式的构成①一般情况下,在动词词尾加ed。如:work—worked,play—played等②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,在词尾加d。如:close—closed,arrive—arrived③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为i,再加ed。如:cry—cried,study—studied④以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写最后这个辅音字母再加ed。如:stop—stopped,drop—dropped⑤动词的不规则变化(见下表)考点精析考点1考查动词的变化形式【例1】根据句意和单词首字母提示填写动词,并注意其动词的形式。1.CanyousEnglishsongs?2.Sheusuallygtoschoolat7:00.3.Look!AmyiswTV.4.Icmyroomlastnight.解析:本题考查动词基本形式的写法和用法。在做此题时,不仅要考虑主语的人称,还要注意句子的时态,这样才能根据句意和首字母提示填写出动词的正确形式。第1小题应填写动词原形sing,因为情态动词can后要加动词原形。第2小题的主语是第三人称,句子又是陈述习惯性的动作。谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式goes。第3小题中的look一词提示了本题要用现在进行时,所以要用现在分词watching。第4题由lastnight这一时间状语可知本题要用一般过去时,所以谓语动词应填过去式cleaned。答案:1.sing2.goes3.watching4.cleaned举一反三用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Thecat_______(run)aroundthetree.2.Theyare________(clean)theirclassroom.3.I_____(have)acoldlastweek.4.Don't_____(talk)loudlyinthelibrary.5.Mymother______(make)abigcakelastmonth.6.What______(do)shedolastnight?7.Myauntoften_______(go)shoppingonSundays.8.Sarah________(buy)aredbagyesterday.runscleaninghadtalkmadedidgoesbought考点2考查助动词、be动词的使用【例2】选择适当的助动词填空。1.HenotdohomeworkonFridayevening.2.youhavecrayons?3.TomnotreadEnglishthismorning.解析:本题考查学生对助动词do的三种形式的正确运用。第1小题中onFridayevening是常态,用一般现在时,而主语he是三单形式,所以用一般现在时的三单形式does;第2小题you是非三单形式,用do;第3小题中thismorning表示过去的时间,且过去式不受人称影响,故用did。答案:1.does2.Do3.did举一反三1.用be动词的适当形式填空。(1)I_____inGradeSixthisyear.Lastyear,I_____inGradeFive.(2)There_____manytallbuildingsherenow.Twentyyearsago,there_______somesmallhouses.(3)MikeandJack______twinbrothers.Theylookthesame.(4)Iwantto_____ateacherinthefuture.2.用所给单词的适当形式填空。(1)_______(will)youlikesometea?(2)_______(do)hewatchTVlastnight?amwasarewerearebeWouldDid考点3考查情态动词的使用【例3】单项填空。()He_______readthebooknow.A.iscanB.cansC.can解析:本题考查情态动词的正确使用。情态动词can的用法很容易混淆。can和be动词或其他的助动词不能同时出现在句中;can不受人称的影响,故不存在cans的形式;在本题中还要分析清楚,now不表示现在进行时。答案:C举一反三1.选词填空。(1)_________Iuseyourpen?(2)What_________Idothen?(3)You_________beamiddleschoolstudent.(4)We_________dosomethingforGrandpaLi.(5)_________wegonow?ShallMay/Canshouldmustcan2.按要求完成下列各题。(1)IcanspeakChineseandEnglishwell.(改成否定句)______________________________________(2)当你想提醒朋友,让他周末要帮助妈妈做家务时,你可以说:____________________________________________________________________________(3)你想告诉想要闯红灯的人,红灯必须停,你应该说:______________________________________Youmuststopataredlight.Ican'tspeakChineseorEnglishwell.Youshoulddosomehouseworkforyourmotheronweekends.考点4考查动词的综合运用【例4】用read的适当形式填空。1.Youcan(read)thebookinthelibrary.2.She(read)abooknow.3.CanI(read)thisbooknow?4.Myfather(read)newspaperseverymorning.5.—Didyou(read)thecomicbook?—Yes,I(read)ityesterday.解析:本题围绕一个词read展开,考查了不同时态、不同人称情况下,实义动词的用法。第1小题中can+原形动词;第2小题now表示的是现在,体现现在进行时,she是三单形式,故而be+动词的ing形式是本小题需要的答案;第3小题不管后面出现什么,can+原形动词;第4小题everymorning体现一般现在时,而myfather是第三人称,故而动词要用三单形式;第5小题did之后加动词原形,答句中用过去式形式,read的过去式和原形同形。答案:1.read2.isreading3.read4.reads5.read;read举一反三1.用所给动词的适当形式填空。(1)We_______(like)music.Nowwe__________(sing).(2)Let's_______(go)tothecinema.(3)He______(is)illyesterday.(4)Canyou_______clean)thetablenow?(5)Doyou_______(go)totheparkonSaturdays?likearesinginggowascleango2.单项填空。()(1)Whatdidhe____yesterday?A.doB.doesC.did()(2)Heis____withhisfriend.A.talkedB.talkingC.talksAB()(3)—Howishefeeling?—He____better.A.feelsB.isfeelC.isfeeling()(4)—Whatareyoudoing?—I'm____dinner.A.cookB.cooksC.cooking()(5)Don't____TV.A.watchB.watchingC.watchesACA过关检测一、按要求改写下列单词。1.have(第三人称单数形式)_______2.do(现在分词)_______3.slept(动词原形)_______4.take(动词过去式)_______hasdoingsleeptook5.come(反义词)_______6.wash(第三人称单数形式)_______7.driver(动词形式)_______8.write(动词过去式)_______9.sit(动词过去式)_______10.told(动词原形)_______gowashesdrivewrotesattell二、选词填空,将下列短文补充完整。MynameisSarah.I1.______anAmericangirlbutI2._______inGuangzhouwithmyparentsnow.Myfatherisateacher.He3._________English.Helikes4.________pictures.Usuallymyfather5._______toworkbycar,butyesterdayhe6._______bybus.Mymotherisanurse.She7._______inabighospital.Sheoften8._______towork.She9._______playingbaseballverymuch.Weoften10._______ittogether.amliveteachesdrawinggoeswentworkswalkslikesplay三、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1._____(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