Piano

PianoTheancestryofthepianocanbetracedtotheearlykeyboardinstrumentsofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies---thespinet,thedulcimer,andthevirginal.Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury.Theclavichord`stonewasmetallicandneverpowerful;nevertheless,becauseofthevarietyoftonepossibletoit,manycomposersfoundtheclavichordasympatheticinstrumentforintimatechambermusic.Theharpsichordwithitsbright,vigoroustonewasthefavoriteinstrumentforsupportingthebassofthesmallorchestraoftheperiodandforconcertuse,butthecharacterofthetonecouldnotbevariedsavebymechanicalorstructuraldevices.ThepianowasperfectedintheearlyeighteenthcenturybyaharpsichordmakerinItaly(thoughmusicologistspointoutseveralpreviousinstancesoftheinstrument).Thisinstrumentwascalledapianoeforte(sortandloud),toindicateitsdynamicversatility;itsstringswerestruckbyarecoilinghammerwithafelt-paddedhead.Thewiresweremuchheavierintheearlierinstruments.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance.NOTE:MusicalInstruments1.Thestrings(弦乐)1)plectrum:harp,lute,guitar,mandolin;2)keyboard:clavichord,harpsichord,piano;3)bow:violin,viola,cello,doublebass.2.TheWood（木管）-winds:piccolo,flute,oboe,clarinet,bassoon,Englishhorn;3.thebrass（铜管）:Frenchhorn,trumpet,trombone,cornet,tuba,bugle,saxophone;4.thepercussion（打击组）:kettledrum,bassdrum,snaredrum,castanet,xylophone,celesta,cymbal,tambourine.Piano,此文章版权归原作者所有!