Virginia-Woolf.新ppt

VirginiaWoolf(1882_1941)AnEnglishnovelistandessayist,regardedasoneoftheforemostmodernistliteraryfiguresofthetwentiethcentury.Duringtheinterwarperiod,WoolfwasasignificantfigureinLondonliterarysocietyandamemberoftheBloomsburyGroup.HermostfamousworksincludethenovelsMrsDalloway(1925),TotheLighthouse(1927)andOrlando(1928),andthebook-lengthessayARoomofOne'sOwn(1929),withitsfamoussaying,awomanmusthavemoneyandaroomofherownifsheistowritefiction.VirginiaWoolfwaseducatedbyherparentsintheirliterateandwell-connectedhousehold.Virginia'sparentshadeachbeenmarriedpreviously,andtheirspouseshaddied.Consequently,thehouseholdcontainedthechildrenofthreemarriages.WoolfwasraisedinanenvironmentfilledwiththeinfluencesofVictorianliterarysociety.HenryJames,T.S.Eliot,GeorgeHenryLewes,JuliaMargaretCameronandJamesRussellLowell,whowasmadeVirginia‘sgodfather,wereamongthevisitorstothehouse.Supplementingtheseinfluenceswastheimmenselibraryat22HydeParkGate,fromwhichVirginia(unlikeherbrothers,whowereformallyeducated)wastaughttheclassicsandEnglishliterature.Accordingtoherdiary,hermostvividchildhoodmemories,however,werenotofLondonbutofCornwall,wherethefamilyspenteverysummeruntil1895.Memoriesofthefamilyholidaysandimpressionsofthelandscape,especiallytheGodrevyLighthouse,informedthefictionshewroteinlateryears,notablyTotheLighthouse.Thesuddendeathofhermotherin1895,whenVirginiawas13,andthatofherhalfsisterStellatwoyearslater,ledtothefirstofVirginia’sseveralnervousbreakdowns（神经衰弱）.Thedeathofherfatherin1904provokedhermostalarmingcollapseandshewasbrieflyinstitutionalized.Herbreakdownsandsubsequentrecurringdepressiveperiods,modernscholarshaveclaimed,werealsoinducedbythesexualabusebytheirhalf-brothersGeorgeandGerald.Throughoutherlife,Woolfwasoverwhelmedbydrasticmoodswings.Thoughtheserecurringmentalbreakdownsgreatlyaffectedhersocialfunctioning,herliteraryabilitiesremainedunbroken.Moderndiagnostic（诊断）thinksitwasbipolardisorder(双相型障碍）,anillnesswhichcoloredherwork,relationships,andlife,andeventuallyledtohersuicide.FollowingstudiesatKing'sCollegeLondon,WoolfcametoknowLyttonStrachey,CliveBell,DuncanGrant,andLeonardWoolf,whotogetherformedthenucleusoftheBloomsburyGroupwhichcametonotoriousfamein1910.PersonallifeVirginiaStephenmarriedwriterLeonardWoolfin1912,referringtohimduringtheirengagementasapennilessJew.Thecouplesharedaclosebond.Theyalsocollaboratedprofessionally,in1917foundingtheHogarthPress,whichsubsequentlypublishedmostofWoolf'swork.ThephilosophyofBloomsburydiscouragedsexualexclusivity,andin1922,WoolfmetVitaSackville-West.Afteracautiousstart,theybeganarelationshipthatlastedthroughmostofthe1920s.In1928,WoolfwroteOrlando,afantasticalbiographyinwhichtheeponymous（同名）hero'slifespansthreecenturiesandbothgenders.Ithasbeencalledthelongestandmostcharmingloveletterinliterature.Aftertheiraffairended,thetwowomenremainedfriendsuntilWoolf'sdeathin1941.DeathAftercompletingthemanuscriptofherlastnovelBetweentheActs,Woolffellvictimtoadepressionsimilartothatwhichshehadearlierexperienced.Thewar,theLuftwaffe’s（德国空军）destructionofherLondonhomes,aswellasthecoolreceptiongiventoherbiography,worsenedherconditionuntilshewasunabletowork.OnMarch28,1941,afterhavinganervousbreakdown,Woolfcommittedsuicide.Sheputonherovercoat,filleditspocketswithstones,thenwalkedintoarivernearherhomeanddrownedherself.Woolf'sbodywasnotfounduntil18April.HerhusbandburiedhercrematedremainsunderatreeinthegardenoftheirhouseinRodmell,Sussex.Inherlastnotetoherhusbandshewrote:IfeelcertainthatIamgoingmadagain.Ifeelwecan'tgothroughanotherofthoseterribletimes.AndIshan'trecoverthistime.Ibegintohearvoices,andIcan'tconcentrate.SoIamdoingwhatseemsthebestthingtodo.Youhavegivenmethegreatestpossiblehappiness.Youhavebeenineverywayallthatanyonecouldbe.Idon'tthinktwopeoplecouldhavebeenhappier'tilthisterriblediseasecame.Ican'tfightanylonger.IknowthatIamspoilingyourlife,thatwithoutmeyoucouldwork.AndyouwillIknow.YouseeIcan'tevenwritethisproperly.Ican'tread.WhatIwanttosayisIoweallthehappinessofmylifetoyou.Youhavebeenentirelypatientwithmeandincrediblygood.Iwanttosaythat—everybodyknowsit.Ifanybodycouldhavesavedmeitwouldhavebeenyou.Everythinghasgonefrommebutthecertaintyofyourgoodness.Ican'tgoonspoilingyourlifeanylonger.Idon'tthinktwopeoplecouldhavebeenhappierthanwehavebeen.V.Likethousandsoffemalewriters,Woolfcaredsomuchofpeople’sinnerworld,thesoul.Buttheinnerworldissocomplicated(纷杂，混沌，模糊，抽象……)andhardtoseethrough,whichmakeshermindkeeptobeinabusyworkingstate.Theresultofwhichisdisorder,mentalbreakdown.WorksWoolfbeganwritingprofessionallyin1905.Herfirstnovel,TheVoyageOut,waspublishedin1915.SomebodyarguesthatmanyofthechangesWoolfmadeinthetextwereinresponsetochangesinherownlife.Woolfwentontopublishnovelsandessaysasapublicintellectualtobothcriticalandpopularsuccess.Muchofherworkwasself-publishedthroughtheHogarthPress.Shehasbeenhailedasoneofthegreatestnovelistsofthetwentiethcenturyandoneoftheforemostmodernists,thoughshedisdainedsomeartistsinthiscategory.WoolfisconsideredoneofthegreatestinnovatorsintheEnglishlanguag