外研社必修二Module3-grammar

过去完成时神马是过去完成时？表示过去发生的一个动作之前已经完成的动作，就是过去完成时。警察抓小偷•当警察赶到的时候，小偷早已经跑了。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadalreadyrunaway.•在妈妈进门之前，我早就把电脑关了。偷偷玩电脑AfterIhadalreadyturnedoffmycomputer,myMomcamein.BeforemyMomcamein,Ihadalreadyturnedoffmycomputer.这就是过去完成时NowPastFutureAB有两个动作都发生在过去，先后发生，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。过去的过去NowPastFutureAB现在完成时：have/has+done过去完成时：had+donehadnot+donehadbeendoneWhenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadalreadyrunaway.BeforemyMomcamein,Ihadalreadyturnedoffmycomputer.AfterIhadalreadyturnedoffmycomputer,myMomcamein.找标志词•by+过去：bytheendof+lastyear,bytheendoflastterm,bythetimeyouarrived过去完成时标志词before,after,when,by,hardly…when(刚要...就…)nosooner…than我们刚要工作，天就下起雨来。1.Wehadhardlybegunourworkwhenitbegantorain.Hardlyhadwebegunourworkwhenitbegantorain.Wehadnosoonerbegunourworkthanitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadwebegunourworkthanitbegantorain.•过去完成时还可以表示对过去的虚拟，表示未能实现的希望、愿望等,常用的词有expect,hope,mean,suppose,think等。过去完成时表虚拟我本来想周末做完作业的，结果我朋友过生日。Ihadwantedtofinishmyhomework,butmyfriendshadabirthdayparty.1.Itwasthefirsttimethat+haddone特殊句式•那是他第一次到眉山。•ItwasthefirsttimethathehadbeentoMeishan.2.Itwas+时间段+since+haddone•那时他们已经在一起三年了。•Itwasthreeyearssincetheyhadbeentogether.•1.Bynineo'clocklastnight,we_________(get)200picturesfromthespaceship.•2.I_________(am)atthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallyarrived.•3.Thebus_________(leave)bythetimeIgotthere.•4.Bythetimehe_____(be)14,hisgrandfatherhadbeenaway.•5.Itwasthefirsttimethathe_________(talk)withforeigners.•6.Ihadnosoonerleftthanshe_____(call).趁热打铁hadgothadbeenhadleftwashadtalkedcalled6:00(eatup)7:00(getup)presentLastSunday,Ihadanunluckyday.BythetimeI_________,mydog___________upallmybreakfastonthetable.gotuphadeatenAnUnluckyDayPractice19:159:35presentThenIwenttoseethefilmwithemptystomach.WhenI___________atthecinema,thefilm___________(be)onfor20minutes.arrivedhadbeenarrivebeonAfterthefilm,IwenttomeetafriendwhomI___________(notsee)sincewe_________.havenotseengraduatenotseegraduatedWehadcoffeeandtalkedhappily.ButwhenIwasgoingtopayforit,I__________(find)mywalletandcellphone______________(steal).Whatanunluckyday!hadbeenstolenfoundPassivevoice(被动语态):had(not)+been+donestealtalk时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,until/till,since,eversince,whenever,assoonas,nosooner…than,hardly/scarcely…when等1)常见的连接时间状语从句的连接词有:When/While/Aswhen意为‘这时’(atthistime)或‘那时’(atthattime)时，常用于下列句型：Somebodywasdoingsomethingwhen……某人正在做……突然……Somebodywasabouttodosomethingwhen…….某人正要做……突然……Somebodyhadjustdonesomethingwhen……某人刚刚干了……这时……Whene.g.1.IwasreadingEnglishwhenmyteachercamein.2.Iwasabouttotalkintheclassroomwhentheteachercamein.3.Ihadjustmadethemistakewhentheteachercamein.观察：Whiletheyweredoinghomework,someonebrokeintothehouse.Whilehewasstillateenager,hewasabigstar.While分析：while引导的从句表示“在……过程中”，强调某一段时间内主句和从句的动作在同一时期发生。从句的动作表示较长时间，因此常用延续性动词。e.g.SheistallwhileIamshort.while表示强烈的对比关系，可译成“然而”WhileIwasstudyingEnglish,hewasplayingfootball.强调两个动作同时进行两种情况一起发展变化试观察：1)Astheywerepickingtea,thegirlsweresinginghappily.2)Ashegrewolder,hefounditdifficulttocomposegoodmusic.As分析：as引导的从句表示“当……时；一边……一边……”，主句和从句的动作同时发生，强调伴随。有时可译为“随着”。1.他从学校回来时，他妈妈正在烧饭。2.他在看书时，他的妻子一直在烧饭。3.他一边烧饭一边唱歌。4.我们正要动身，这时天突然下雨了。5.你喜欢踢足球而我喜欢弹钢琴。6.随着时间的推移，我们都渐渐长大了。TranslatethesesentencesintoEnglish.Possibleanswers:1.Whenhereturned,hismotherwascooking.2.Whilehewasreading,hiswifewascooking.3.Ashecooked,hesang.4.Wewereabouttostartwhenitbegantorain.5.youlikeplayingfootballwhileIlikeplayingthepiano.6.Astimewentby,weallgrewup.till/until1.主句的谓语动词如果是延续性的应该用肯定式，意为“一直到…”2.主句的谓语动词如果是瞬间性的应该用否定式，意为“直到…才…”1.Iwaitedtill/until9o’clock.2.Thelittleboycriedtill/untilhisfatherappeared.3.Ididn’tgotobedtill/until9o’clock.4.Tomdidn’tfinishhishomeworktill/until9o’clock.当notuntil放在句首时，主句要部分倒装。NotuntilMaryhadheardthatsounddidshereallygetfrightened.在强调句中，强调until引导时间状语时，常把not提前，构成itisn’t/wasn’tuntil…thatItwasn’tuntil11o’clockthathereturnedhome.before/since当before放于主句之后，有时候会意为“就，才”Themanalmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Before常用于这两个句型：Itwas/wasn’t+一段时间+before从句过了多久/没过多久才Itwill/won’tbe+一段时间+before从句还得过多久/用不了多久就才HerushedoutoftheroombeforeIcouldsayaword.就Itwasalongtimebeforewemetagain.过了很久我们才再次见面ItwillbethreedaysbeforeIcomeback.三天后我就回来了。Since引导的从句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一刻起”Hehasstudieshardsincehecametoourschool.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。Since引导的从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时或表示状态的动词，则从句表示的时间是“从动作/状态结束的那一刻起”Ihaven’theardanynoisesinceIslept。自从我醒来还没有听见任何声音1.IhavenotheardfromhimsinceIlivedinShanghai.2.Itishalfamonthsincehewasastudent.3.It’sbeenquitealongtimesinceIwasinLondon.1.自从我离开上海，就再也没有收到他的信。2.他已经不是学生半个月了。3.我离开伦敦已经很长时间了。试翻译1.HehaswrittentomefrequentlysinceIwasill.2.HehaswrittentomefrequentlysinceIfellill.试比较第一句从句谓语动词为状态动词第二句从句谓语动词为终止性动词1.自从我病愈以来，他经常给我写信。2.自从我生病以来，他经常给我写信。2)时间状语从句可以转换成分词短语。如:Boysneedtodeveloptheirbodiesfullybeforetheyattemptsuchdifficultexercise.Boysneedtodeveloptheirbodiesfullybeforeattemptingsuchdifficultexercise.Afterheworkedtherefor30years,HaydnmovedtoLondon.Note:时间状语从句转换成分词短语时,时间状语从句的主语和主句主语必须一致才可以。Havingworkedtherefor30years,HaydnmovedtoLondon.