New-Energy-Sources(BP新能源报告)

NewEnergySourcesWilloilandgasstillbeimportantin50years?BPReportJune2009“Worldenergydemandcouldmorethandoubleinthenext50years.”“Sowherewouldwegettheenergyeveryoneneeds?”ChevroninTheEconomistOct212006NewEnergySourcesOutline1.Unconventionaloilandgas•Heavyoil,bitumenincarbonates,tightgas,coalbedmethane,shaleoil,methanehydrates2.Cleancoaltechnology3.Non-hydrocarbons•Biofuels,hydro,solar,wind,geothermal,hydrogen,nuclear1.UnconventionalGasandOil•Heavyoilandbitumen•Tightgas•Coalbedmethane(CBM)•Shaleoil•MethanehydratesHeavyOilandBitumen•Oilthatistooviscoustobepumpedbyconventionaltechniques•Mostimportantproducers:Canada,Venezuela•Manycountriesbeginningtodevelopheavyoil•Productionfromcarbonates–electricalheatingmaybetestedbyShellinGrosmontformationTightGas•Methanefoundwithinvery“tight”formations,suchascaprock,shale,volcanicrocks•UShas20yearsmoreexperiencethanCanada•40%ofUSgasin2007wasunconventionalNickle’sNovember2007FracturingaWell:MarcellusShaleGasMassiveMultipleHydraulicFractureJobShalegasdevelopment,PennsylvaniaUSAFracturingShaleFracturinghasopenedupavastnewresourceLonghorizontalwellshaveasmanyas45fracturesplacedalongthelengthThehydraulicfracturesconnectwiththenaturalfracturesintheshale,openingthemup,andmakingagoodwellCoalBedMethane•Conventionaloilfieldtechnologyeasilytransferabletocoalbeds•Increasingdevelopmentofcoalbedmethanearoundworld•2008:AustraliawillproducemoreCBMthannaturalgas(OGJJuly25,2006)Canada’sCoalbedMethane•4000CBMwellsdrilledinWCSBin2006•Smallproduction(3%ofallmethane)•Lowperwellrates,butlong-lifeispredicted•Horizontalwellsmoresuccessfulthanvertical•Waterproductionmaybehuge;disposalaproblemOGJJuly24,2006CoalbedMethaneRecovery•CO2replacesCH4incoalseams•Issues:permeability,cost,CH4…CoalBedMethaneFarming•Microbesseededincoalbeds•CO2andnutrients(phosphorus,nitrogen)added•Methaneproducedafterseveralmonths•Researchisongoing;fieldtrialswillstartsoon•Researchagencies:LucaTechnologies,AlbertaResearchCouncil,majoroilcompanies•MethanemaybearenewableresourceNickle’sNewTechnologyApril/May2006FortheUSAOilShales•PlentifulinwesternUS,largelyonfederallands(500Mbbl)•PlentifulinChina(possibly10%oftheworld’stotal*)•Moredifficulttorecoveroilfromshalethanfromoilsands•Oilfromshaleisextremelyheavyandwaxy;knownaskerogen*Liu,Renheetal,Oct2007OilShales:Technology•40yearsoftestsinseveralcountries•Electricalresistanceheating•FieldtrialsinwesternUSbyShell•RF-CFprocess–experimentalonly•Radiofrequencyenergyheatsreservoir•Criticalfluidsdissolveandtransportoiltoproductionwells•MoratoriumonoilshaledevelopmentbyUSgovernment(OGJ,April2008)Shell’sColoradoExperimentsInsituthermalconversionconceptColoradoSite-2004ExxonElectrofracHeatingPipesCourtesyEGLResourcesMethaneHydrates•Ice-likesolidsconsistingofmethanemoleculestrappedinfrozenwater•Moreresourceinplacethangas,oil,andcoalcombined•Gasfromhydratesmaybeproducedalongwithregularmethane•Whengashydratesoverliemethanereservoirs(AlbertaOil,March2008)Source:Bormannetal.2002MethaneHydratesSource:Uchidaetal.1999well:Mallik2L-38,depth917mGasHydratesinSedimentsGasHydrateFormation1.Organicdecompositionandheatproducemethaneinsedimentsundertheoceans2.Methanecombineswithwaterinthesehighpressureandlowtemperatureconditionstoformanice-likesolidOGJApr25,2005WhereAreHydratesFound?•Onallcontinentalshelves,atwaterdepthsof500m•Buriedinsediments(10-100mdeep)underoceanfloors•AbundantinSouthChinaSea•AlsoinIndia,Japan,andSouthKoreaOGJOct162006ResearchinGasHydrates•ExtensivefieldtestsinMackenzieDeltainCanada(5countriesinvolved)andAlaska’sNorthSlope•Chinawillspend$100milliononresearchinnextdecadeGasHydrateProblems•Softsedimentsliquefy–nosupportforconductorpipe•Wellcasingshear•Seafloorlandslidesandsubsidence•Escapeofmethaneintotheatmosphere•Lackoftechnologyforcollectingthemethane2.CleanCoalI•Mostcommonprocess:coalisburnedinoxygeninaspecialfacility•Sulphur,mercury,nitrogenandarsenicareremoved*•Coalgasification(burninginair)isanotherpossibility•PlantunderconstructioninNanjingOGJSep192005CoalGasification+CO2CaptureO2-OxygenSlurryCombinedCyclePlantElectricitySteamSourShiftAcidGasRemovalH2GasifierFuelCellsElectricityHeatLowcostfeedstocksCoalHeavyCokeResidBiomassSlagDeepGeologicalInjectionModifiedfromEddyIsaacs,AERI-2003HydrogenationSCOSulphurCO2EORandGeologicalSequestrationSurfaceStockpiles,IndustrialUseCogeneration:ElectricityplusHeat(steam)forThermalEORCleanCoalII•Heatorelectricitymaybeproducedorthecoalmaybeconvertedtooil(FTprocess)•SouthAfrica(Sasol)isaleaderincoal-to-oilconversion•TaxbreaksfortechnologyrecentlypassedinUS•CleancoalmaybecompetitivewhenoilisUS$60/b3.Non-HydrocarbonFuels•Biomass;biofuels•Hydro•Solar•Wind•Geothermal•OceanenergyBiofuels•Fuelcancomefrommanysources•Corn(especiallyinUS),soybeans,jojobabeans,elephantgrass,switchgrass•Usedcookingoil,forestryandfarmingwastes(especiallysugarcaneinBrazil)•Processingwastes,animalandhumanwastes•Biofuelindustryclaim:1fossilfuelunitcanproduce3.2biofuelenergyunitsOGJOct162006BiofuelAdvantages•Renewableformofenergy•Somebiofuelscangrowonpoorqualityfarmland•Lesspollut