美国政治体制解析

thepoliticalsystemofAmerican小组成员:龙泳王志颖陈炜斌李新海杨尚泽TheUnitedStatesistheworld’soldestsurvivingfederation.Itisaconstitutionalrepublic.(宪政共和国)Federal(联邦)andstatejudicial(司法的)andcabinetofficialsaretypicallynominated(提名)bytheexecutivebranch(行政部门)andapprovedbythelegislature(立法机关),althoughsomestatejudgesandofficialsareelectedbypopularvote.(普选)IntheAmericanfederalistsystem,citizensareusuallysubjecttothreelevelsofgovernment:federal,state,andlocal.Thegovernmentisregulatedbyasystemofchecksandbalances(相互监督与制衡)definedbytheU.S.Constitution,whichservesasthecountry’ssupreme(最高的)legaldocument.Thefederalgovernmentiscomposedofthreebranches:Legislative（立法）TheUnitedStatesCapitol(国会大厦),whichhousestheUnitedStatesCongress.(美国国会)TheUnitedStatesCongress,madeupoftheSenate(参议院，上院)andtheHouseofRepresentatives,(众议院)makesfederallaw,declareswar,approvestreaties,hasthepowerofthepurse,andhasthepowerofimpeachment,(弹劾)bywhichitcanremovesittingmembersofthegovernment.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435members,eachrepresentingacongressionaldistrictforatwo-yearterm.Houseseatsareapportioned(分配)amongthestatesbypopulationeverytenthyear.TheSenatehas100memberswitheachstatehavingtwosenators,electedat-largetosix-yearterms;onethirdofSenateseatsareupforelectioneveryotheryear.Judicial(司法)theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtbuilding(最高法院)TheSupremeCourt,ledbytheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates,hasninememberswhoserveforlife.JohnG.Roberts17thChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesExecutive(行政)theWhiteHousehomeandworkplaceoftheU.S.presidentThepresidentisthecommander-in-chiefofthemilitary,canveto(否决)legislativebillsbeforetheybecomelaw,andappoints(任命)theCabinetandotherofficers,whoadminister(执行)andenforcefederallawsandpolicies.Thepresidentservesafour-yeartermandmaybeelectedtotheofficenomorethantwice.Thepresidentisnotelectedbydirectvote,butbyanindirectelectoral(选举人)collegesysteminwhichthedeterminingvotesareapportioned(分配)bystate.TheUnitedStateshasoperated(运作)underatwo-partysystemformostofitshistory.Sincethegeneralelectionof1856,themajorpartieshavebeentheDemocraticParty,(民主党)foundedin1824,andtheRepublicanParty,(共和党)foundedin1854.DemocraticParty:Liberalism;RepublicanParty:ConservatismThewinnerofthe2008presidentialelection,BarackObama,isthe44thU.S.presidentandthefirstAfricanAmericantoholdtheoffice.Allprevious(以前的)presidentsweremenofsolelyEuropeandescent.(独一无二的欧洲血统)The2008electionsalsosawtheDemocraticPartystrengthenitscontrolofboththeHouseandtheSenate.PresidentBarackObamanamedHillaryRodhamClintonashischoiceforSecretaryofState.SecretaryofStateuniquelyreferstotheofficialresponsibleforforeignpolicy.TheU.S.SecretaryofStateisheadoftheUnitedStateDepartment(美国国务院).Thanks!