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BusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversity作者:南开大学商学院李桂华UnitOneTheEvolutionofManagementasaFieldofStudyBusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversityGlossary•evolution:n.Theprocessofdeveloping.发展•generalize:v.Toinferfrommanyparticulars.概括.•autobiography:n.Thebiographyofapersonwrittenbythatperson.自传•memoir:n.Anaccountofthepersonalexperiencesofanauthor.自传•extreme:n.Beinginorattainingthegreatestorhighestdegree;veryintense:极度的•anthropology:n.Thescientificstudyoftheorigin,thebehavior,andthephysical,social,andculturaldevelopmentofhumanbeings.人类学•anthropologist:n.someonewhostudiesAnthropology人类学家•perspective:n.Subjectiveevaluationofrelativesignificance;apointofview:观点BusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversity•approach:n.Themethodusedindealingwithoraccomplishing方法•contingency:n.Apossibilitythatmustbepreparedfor;afutureemergency.变化的情况•confrontation:n.Discordoraclashofopinionsandideas:不和观点或思想的不和或冲撞:•compromise:v.Somethingthatcombinesqualitiesorelementsofdifferentthings:折衷•turnover:n.Thenumberofworkershiredbyanestablishmenttoreplacethosewhohaveleftinagivenperiodoftime.人员更替数•dynamic:adj.Characterizedbycontinuouschange,activity,orprogress:不断变化的•incur:v.Toacquireorcomeinto(somethingusuallyundesirable);sustain:获得•interdependent:adj.Mutuallydependent:互相依存的GlossaryBusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversityGlossary•popularity:n.Thequalityorstateofbeingpopular,especiallythestateofbeingwidelyadmired,accepted,orsoughtafter.普及•sole:adj.Oforrelatingtoonlyoneindividualorgroup;exclusive:单独的.•reliance:n.Theactofrelyingorthestateofbeingreliant.依赖依靠•sufficient:adj.Beingasmuchasisneeded.充足的•characteristic:n.Afeaturethathelpstoidentify,tellapart,ordescriberecognizably;adistinguishingmarkortrait.特性•alliance:n.Theactofbecomingalliedortheconditionofbeingallied:结盟•demographic:n.Oforrelatingtodemography.人口统计•complement:v.Toserveasacomplementto:补足BusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversityKeyTermsandConceptsClassicalApproach(toManagement)alsocallclassicalschool(管理学)古典(研究)方法.Abodyofliteraturethatrepresentstheearliestattemptstodefineanddescribethefieldofmanagement.Theapproach’smainfocusisonformallyprescribedrelationships.Itsprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgearepersonalobservationandcasestudies.BehavioralApproach(toManagement)alsocalledbehavioralschooltomanagement,(管理学)行为(研究)方法hereitreferstoabodyofliteraturecharacterizedbyitsconcernforhumanbehaviorintheworkenvironment.Theschool’sprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgeisscientificmethod,withemphasisonresearch.Chronologically,thebehavioralapproachtomanagementthoughtfollowedtheclassicalapproach.Itsfirstphasewasidentifiedwithhumanrelationstheory,popularinthe1940sandearly1950s.Itssecondphasewasthebehavioralscienceapproach,whichcameintopopularuseintheearly1950s.BusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversityManagementScienceApproach:AlsoknownasManagementScienceSchool管理学科学(研究)方法.Abodyofliteraturecharacterizedbyitsuseifmathematicalandstatistictechniquestobuildmodelsforthesolutionofproductionandoperationsproblems.Theapproach’sprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgeismathematicaldeduction.ContingencyorSituationalApproach(toManagement):(管理学)权变(研究)方法:Ananalysisofmanagementthatemphasizesthefactthatwhatmanagersdoinpracticedependsonuponagivensetofcircumstancesorthe“situation”andthatthereisnosingle“bestway”tomanage.KeyTermsandConceptsBusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversityTextThemoderneraofmanagementbeganearlyinthe20thcenturywhenclassicaltheorists,economists,andindustrialengineersofferedaclassicalapproachtoincreasetheproductivityofindividualsandorganizations.Bothorganizationalgrowthanditsincreasinginfluenceonoureconomyandstandardoflivingarerelativelyrecentinhistory;thusthestudyofmanagementisrelativelynew.Manyofthefirstindividualstostudyandwriteaboutmanagementwerepracticingmanagers.Theydescribedtheirownexperiencesandtriedtogeneralizetheprinciplestheybelievedcouldbeappliedinsimilarsituations.Eventoday,agreatdealofwhatweknowaboutmanagementcomesfromtheautobiographiesandmemoirsofmenandwomenwhoareorhavebeenpracticingmanagers.BusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversityNow,however,otherindividualsalsoareinterestedinmanagementforscientificreasons.Socialandbehavioralscientistsviewthemanagementoforganizationsasanextremelyimportantsocialphenomenonworthyofstudythroughscientificinquiry.Asscientists,thesemenandwomenmakenovaluejudgmentsregardinggoodorbadmanagementpractices.Theirobjectiveistounderstandandexplainthepracticeofmanagement.Betweenthetwoextremesofmanagementpracticeandmanagementsciencearemanyindividualswhohavecontributedtothestudyofmanagement.Theyincludeengineers,sociologists,psychologists,anthropologists,lawyers,economists,accountants,mathematicians,politicalscientists,andphilosophers.TextBusinessSchoolofNnankaiUniversitySuchdifferingperspectivesonthesamesubjectcannotbeneatlyclassified.Thus,asamanager,youwillhaveatyourdisposalmanywaysoflookingatmanagement’stasks.Eachmaybemoreusefulforsomeproblemsthanforothers.Forexample,amanagementtheorythatemphasizesemployeesatisfactionmaybemorehelpfulindealingwithahighemployeeturnoverthanwithdelaysinproduction.Becausethereisnosingle,universallyacceptedmanagementappro
本文标题:工商管理专业英语unit-1
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