泛读教程3第二版Animal-Welfare课文翻译

unit3WhatisAnimalWelfare?IntroductionHumanunderstandingofanimals–especiallytheirsentience,needsandnatures–isdevelopingallthetime.Thephysicalstatesofpoorwelfarearemorereadilyaccessibleandunderstandable(particularlyforveterinarians,whoundertookmuchoftheearlyworkonwelfare).Butnewresearchleadsnaturallytogreaterunderstandingofmentalstatesandneedsandnatures.Thisisparticularlytrueofethologicalresearch,including‘preferencetesting’whereanimals’preferencesaremeasuredandassessed.Thismaybewhyearlierdefinitionsofwelfarecentredonphysicalstates,whereasthelatestdefinitionshavereflectedthecomplex,multi-facetednatureofanimalwelfare.人类对动物的理解——尤其是它们的感知、需要和本性——一直在发展。身体状况不佳的福利更容易获得，也更容易理解(特别是对兽医来说，他们承担了很多早期的福利工作)。但新的研究自然会让人们对心理状态、需求和本质有更深入的了解。动物行为学研究尤其如此，包括“偏好测试”，即测量和评估动物的偏好。这也许就是为什么早期的福利定义以物质状态为中心，而最新的定义反映了动物福利的复杂性和多面性。WelfarevRightsInbrief,Thedifferencebetweenanimalwelfareandanimalrightscanbeexplainedasbelow:Animalwelfaredenotesthedesiretopreventunnecessaryanimalsuffering(thatis,whilstnotcategoricallyopposedtotheuseofanimals,wantingtoensureagoodqualityoflifeandhumanedeath).动物福利指的是希望避免不必要的动物痛苦(即，虽然没有明确反对使用动物，但希望确保良好的生活质量和人道的死亡)。Animalrightsdenotesthephilosophicalbeliefthatanimalsshouldhaverights,includingtherighttolivetheirlivesfreeofhumanintervention(andultimatedeathatthehandsofhumans).Animalrightistsarephilosophicallyopposedtotheuseofanimalsbyhumans(althoughsomeaccept'symbiotic'relationships,suchascompanionanimalownership).动物权利指的是一种哲学信仰，即动物应该拥有权利，包括不受人类干涉(以及最终死于人类之手)地生活的权利。动物右翼分子在哲学上反对人类使用动物(尽管有些人接受“共生”关系，比如伴侣动物所有权)。WelfarevConservation福利v保护Thekeydifferencebetweenconservationandanimalwelfareisthatconservationcaresaboutspecies(andextinction)whereasanimalwelfarecaresabouttheindividualanimal(anditssuffering).Animalwelfaristsbeliefthateachindividualanimalhasanintrinsicvalue,andshouldberespectedandprotected.Theyrecognisethatanimalshavebiologicallydeterminedinstincts,interestsandnatures,andcanexperiencepainandsuffer,andbelievethattheyshouldthereforebepermittedtolivetheirlivesfreefromavoidablesufferingatthehandsofhumans.Itisnotdifficulttoseewhytheconservationmovementhasattractedsupportmorereadilythantheanimalwelfaremovement.Animalwelfarerequiresgreateraltruismandempathythanconservation.Careforconservationcanbegeneratedbyhuman-centredobjectives,suchasnotwantingspeciestobecomeextinctbecauseofthelossforfuturegenerations(ofhumans).Althoughmanypeoplenowrecognisethatanimalsfeelpainandsuffer,thiscomeslowerdownontheirlistofprioritiesforaction–andmayindeedchallengetheirownlifestyleandhabits.保护和动物福利的关键区别在于，保护关心的是物种(和灭绝)，而动物福利关心的是单个动物(和它的痛苦)。动物福利主义者相信每一只动物都有其内在价值，应该得到尊重和保护。他们认识到，动物具有由生物学决定的本能、兴趣和天性，能够经历痛苦和痛苦，因此，他们认为，动物应该被允许在生活中免受人类可以避免的痛苦。不难看出为什么自然保护运动比动物福利运动更容易得到支持。动物福利需要比保护动物更大的利他主义和同情心。保护可以通过以人为中心的目标来产生，例如不希望物种因为(人类)后代的损失而灭绝。尽管许多人现在认识到动物会感到痛苦和痛苦，但这在他们的优先行动清单上排名靠后，可能确实会挑战他们自己的生活方式和习惯。WelfareDefinedWelfareisnotjustabsenceofcrueltyor‘unnecessarysuffering’.Itismuchmorecomplex.Itincludesthefollowingdifferentstates:福利不仅仅是没有残酷或“不必要的痛苦”。它要复杂得多。它包括以下不同的状态:PhysicalState:traditionallydefinitionscentredonthephysicalstateofanimals.However,itisasimplisticviewthatwelfareisonlypoorwhensurvivalorreproductionisimpairedbyaphysicalproblem.传统上，动物的生理状态是定义的中心。然而，有一种过于简单的观点认为，只有当生存或生殖受到生理问题的损害时，福利才会低下。MentalState:Mentalstatesplayanimportantroleinwelfare.Thesestatesarebecomingincreasinglyunderstoodandexplored,includingbyscientists.精神状态在福利中起着重要作用。这些状态正在被越来越多的人理解和探索，包括科学家。Naturalness:Thethirdstate–naturalness–referstotheabilityoftheanimaltofulfilitsnaturalneedsanddesires.Thefrustrationoftheseharmsitswelfare.Thisthirddimensionhasbeenrecentlyrecognisedandadded.自然:第三种状态——自然——是指动物满足其自然需要和欲望的能力。这些挫折损害了它的福利。这第三个维度最近得到了承认和补充。Thedefinitionofanimalwelfareisoftendebated.However,thesethreestates,whicharegiveninthedefinitiongivenbyWSPAinits‘ConceptsofAnimalWelfare’veterinarytrainingresource,providethemostcomprehensivetodate.动物福利的定义经常引起争论。然而，WSPA在其兽医培训资源的“动物福利概念”中对这三个国家的定义是迄今为止最全面的。FiveFreedomsThe‘fivefreedoms’,whichwereoriginallydevelopedbytheUK’sFarmAnimalWelfareCouncil(FAWC),providevaluableguidanceonanimalwelfare.Theyarenowinternationallyrecognised,andhavebeenadaptedslightlysincetheirformulation.Thecurrentformis:最初由英国农场动物福利委员会(FAWC)制定的“五项自由”为动物福利提供了宝贵的指导。它们现在已得到国际承认，自其提法以来已略有调整。目前的形式是:Freedomfromhungerandthirst–readyaccesstowaterandadiettomaintainhealthandvigour远离饥饿和干渴，获得水和饮食，以保持健康和活力Freedomfromdiscomfort–byprovidinganappropriateenvironmentincludingshelterandacomfortablerestingarea通过提供一个适当的环境，包括住所和一个舒适的休息区域，从不安中解脱出来Freedomfrompain,injuryanddisease–bypreventionorrapiddiagnosisandtreatment通过预防或快速诊断和治疗避免疼痛、伤害和疾病Freedomtoexpressnormalbehaviour–byprovidingsufficientspace,properfacilitiesandcompanyoftheanimalsownkind通过提供足够的空间、适当的设施和动物同伴来表达正常行为的自由Freedomfromfearanddistress–byensuringconditionsandtreatmentwhichavoidmentalsuffering通过确保避免精神痛苦的条件和治疗，从恐惧和痛苦中解脱出来TheycoverallthreeofthestatesidentifiedbyWSPAabove.它们覆盖上述WSPA标识的所有三个陈述。Theyareidealstates,anditisrecognizedthatsomefreedomsmayconflictinasituationwhereanimalsarecaredforbymane.g.theconflictbetweentreatment(suchasveterinarytreatment)