招投标过程中业主和投标者不对称状况和策略选择的分析

1AnalysisoftheAsymmetricSituationintheProcessofTendering&BiddingandStrategiesChoicesforTheOwner&TheTendererAbstract--Thetenderingandbiddingprocessisthekeystepinformingtheco-operativerelationshipinprojectconstruction．Asoneofthemostimportantprocessofconstruction,biddingiscarriedonanasymmetricsituation．FromtheviewoftheTenderer,theasymmetricinformationcanbeconsideredasunrepliedorunexpressedcontractsystem．However，fromtheviewoftheOwner，itisthemeasurementtakenbytheTenderercorrespondingtohisbiddingdocuments,butunbeknowntohim．ThisAsymmetricSituationhasgreateffectoftheprocessofcooject,andtotreatandadjustthesituationreasonablywillbeakeyproblem．Here．fromdifferentviews,wediscussedtheasymmetricinformationsituationandgavesomeadvicetoboth．BoththeownerandtheTenderercantakesomemeasurestomakeupfortheasymmetricalinformationsoastoguaranteethesmoothundertakingofthebusinessandrealizetheinterestaimsofeachparties．KeywordsConstructionBiddingAsymmetricInformationImpliedContract21.INTRODUCTIONThetenderingandbiddingprocessisthekeystepinformingtheco-operativerelationshipinprojectconstruction．Duringthetenderingandbidding，theOwnerproposestheaim，requirementandthemodeofco-operationandexpressesthemintheformoftenderingdocumentsandcontracts．InresponsetothedemandsoftheOwner,theTendererputsforwardcorrespondentaimandpromisebasedonitsevaluationoftheproject．Theco-operationofthetwopartiesoftheconstructionisreflectedandregulatedthroughcontractsandtheOwnerandTendererexchangeinformationandestablishcontractsduringthetenderingandbiddingprocess．However,theexchangeofinformationisneithercompletenorsymmetricalandtheOwnerconstructsanasymmetricalinformationplatformfortheTendererswhiletheTendereralsotakessomecorrespondingmeasures.2．THEASYMMETRICSITUATlONOFTHEOWNERANDTHETENDERERA．TheinformationplatformoftheOwnerTheOwnerconstructstheinformationplatformaround3thecontracts，includingstatedcontract(orexpressedcontract/conditions)andimpliedcontract(orunexpressedcontract／conditions)．ThestatedcontractwhichisprovidedbytheOwneristhedocumentconsistedofcontracttermsandconditionsastherulesandregulationsintheco-operationoftheprojectconstruction．Itsignifiesthemanagementsystemandprocedureoftheprojectaswellasthewayofsolvingtheproblemsarisingduringtheconstruction．Thestatedcontactisspecifiedinthetextandtermsoftheconstructioncontract．Generallyspeaking，theformatofthisdocumentisfixedanditssampleincludingthenoticetotheTenderer,BillofQuantity，Drawingand1ettersetc，iscirculatedintheindustry．AllthesedocumentsarestatedclearlyandtheTenderercandecideitsowntenderingstrategyandpriceaccordingtotheinformation．ThecertaintyofthestatedcontractenablestheTenderertounderstandandgrasptheinformation；thereforeitisofprimaryimportanceindecidingthepriceofthetendering．Theimpliedcontractisthepartwhichdoesnotappearinthestatedcontract,butstillisacceptedbythetwopartiesandhasthepowerofbindingtheirbehavior．Foronething，4theimpliedcontractconsistsofthesocial,Economic,1egalandtechnicalbackgroundsofthestatedcontract,thereforeservingasitsprecondition；foranother,theimpliedcontractisalsothereasonableinferencedrawnfromthestatedcontractundercertainsocial，economic，legalandtechnologicalbackgrounds．Therefore，theimpliedcontractismadeupoftwoparts：thecommonimpliedcontractandtheinferredcontract．Thecommonimpliedcontractmainlyreferstotherelevantlawsandregulationsissuedbythegovernment,theconventionsestablishedbyusageinthisparticularindustry．thetechnologicalregulationswhichhasthelegalpowerandthebasicprinciplesacceptedintherealmsoftechnologyandeconomy．Althoughthepartmentionedaboveisnotstatedclearlyanddetailedlyinthearticlesofthecontract,itstillconstitutestheruleandregulationsintheprocessofprojectconstruction．Thereforeitcannotbeviolatedsincebothpartiesareclearaboutitsexistence．Theinferredcontractisbasedonthereasonableandjustinferenceofthestatedcontractandthecommonimpliedcontract,thereforeshouldbeabidedbyduringtheimplementationoftheproject．Besides，inspecificproject5environment，theinferredcontractcanserveasthebasisandstandardofthetwoparties．Comparedwiththecommonimpliedcontract,theinferredcontractismorecomplicatedbecause“itisthebasisandstandardbasedonsensibleinference”．Thisposesachallengetotheprofessionalproficiencyofthepersonwhoinfersandthepersonwhojudges．Onlywhenthetwopartieshavesimilarprofessionalproficiencyandbackgroundandunderstandtheprinciplesinthesimilarway，cantheycometosimilarconclusions．Duetotheexistenceoftheimpliedcontract，theTenderercannotobtainthesameinformationastheOwnerdoes；thereforetheinformationplatformoftheOwnerisasymmetricalfromtheviewpointoftheTenderer．TheOwnertakestheinitiativepositionatthefirststageofthetradeaswellasintheprocessofinformationexchange．B．TheinformationplatformoftheTendererInordertoobtainthecontractoftheprojectandthentheprofitofconstruction,theTendererwilloffercorrespondinginformationtomeetthedemandsoftheOwner．Theinformationisbasedonitsownestimationoftheprojectenvironment,constructionrequirementandprofitexpectation，thereforeformingtheinformationplatformofthe6Tenderer．TheinformationofferedbytheTendereristh