（江苏专用）2020高考英语二轮复习 专题限时检测（二十三）阅读理解D篇增分练（一）

专题限时检测(二十三)阅读理解D篇增分练(一)(共2篇，限时20分钟)AThosewhowanttolearnaforeignlanguage,orwanttheirchildrento,oftenfeeltheyareracingagainsttheclock.Peopleseemtogetworseatlanguagesastheyage.Childrenoftenlearntheirfirstlanguagewithoutanyinstruction,andcaneasilybecomemultilingualwiththerightexposure.Buttheolderpeopleget,theharderitseemstobe.Witnesstheroughedgesonthegrammarofmanyimmigrantsevenaftermanyyearsintheirnewcountries.Scientistsmostlyagreethatchildrenarebetterlanguagelearners,butdonotknowwhy.Someposit(认定)biologicalfactors.Isitbecauseyoungbrainshaveanextremekindofplasticity?Or,asStevenPinker,aHarvardpsychologist,argues,aninstinctforlanguagelearningspecifically,whichfadesasthebrainagesand(inevolutionaryterms)isnolongerneeded?Othersthinkchildrenhavespecialenvironmentsandencouragements,notmoreintelligentbrains.Theyhavestrongmotivationtocommunicatewithcaregiversandimitatepeers,andarenotafraidofmakingmistakesinthewayadultsare.Somebelieveany“criticalperiod”mayonlyapplytothesoundsofaforeigntongue.Adultsstrugglewithaccents:eightdecadesafterimmigratingtoAmericaandfouryearsafterservingastheSecretaryofState,HenryKissingerstillsoundsfreshofftheboatfromFürth—inwhatisneverthelesselaboratelyaccurateEnglish.Butgrammarisdifferent,andsomeresearchershaveconsideredthatwiththeirgreaterreasoningpowers,adults_are_not_really_a_underdog_relative_to_children.Onestudyfoundthatwhenadultsandchildrenareexposedtothesameteachingmaterialsforanewlanguageforseveralmonths,theadultsactuallydobetter.Mostsuchresearchhashadtorelyonasmallnumberofsubjects,giventhedifficultyofrecruitingthem;itishardtoknowhowmeaningfultheresultsare.NowalargenewstudyledbyJoshuaHartshorneofBostonCollege(withMrPinkerandJoshuaTenenbaumasco­authors)hasgivenstrengthtothecriticalperiodhypothesis(假说)．Thestudyingeniouslyrecruited670,000onlinetest­takersbyframingtheexerciseasaquizthatwouldguesstheparticipants'nativelanguageordialect.Thismadeitaviralhit.TherealpointwastotestEnglishlearners'knowledgeoftrickybitsofgrammar,andtoseehowthiscorrelateswiththeageatwhichtheirstudiesbegan.Doyoungerbeginnersdobetterbecausetheirearlierstartgavethemmorelearningtime,orbecausetheylearnedfasterinearlyyears?Itcanbehardtoteaseapartthesetwoquestions.ButtestingahugeamountofdataagainstanumberofpossiblelearningcurvesallowedMrHartshornetodopreciselythat.Manypreviousresearchershadpositedadrop­offataroundpuberty(青春期).Thenewstudyfoundittoberatherlater,justafter17.Despitethatlatercut­off,learnersmustbeginataroundteniftheyaretogettonear­nativefluency.Iftheystartat,say,14,theycannotaccumulateenoughexpertknowledgeinthecriticalperiod.Unfortunately,14orsoispreciselywhenmanystudents,especiallyinAmerica,arefirstintroducedtoanewlanguage.(Evenworse,thisisanagewhenchildrenareacutelysensitivetoembarrassmentinfrontofpeers.)Childrenwhostartatfivedon'tdonoticeablybetterthanthosewhostartattenovertheirlifetimes.Butthereisstillreasontobegininthefirstyearsofschool,asinDenmarkandSweden.Becausemasterytakesalongtime—perhaps30yearsuntilimprovementstops—thosewhobeginatfiveandareforcedtoreadandwriteEnglishatuniversitywillbythenhavemademuchmoreprogressthanthosewhotaketheplunge(作出决定)atten,eveniftheirlevelisroughlythesameby40.Theexistenceofthecriticalperiodisnotareasonforanyone11oroldertogiveup.Somepeopleremainexcellentlanguagestudentsintoadulthood.AndMrHartshornetestedsometrulysubtlefeaturesofgrammarthattakeyearstomaster.Alanguagelearnedeventoalowerlevelcanstillbeextraordinarilyusefulatworkorenjoyableduringtravelling.Butforpolicymakers,thepossibleeffectisclear.语篇解读：本文探讨的是关于语言学习“关键期”的问题。1．Accordingtothescientists,whichCANNOTexplainchildren'sbeingbetterlanguagelearners?A．Pleasantsurroundings.B．Powerfulmotivation.C．Biologicalfactors.D．Properinstruction.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Someposit(认定)biologicalfactors...needed？”“childrenhavespecialenvironmentsandencouragements”和“Theyhavestrongmotivationtocommunicatewithcaregiversandimitatepeers...mistakes”可知，在科学家们看来，儿童能成为更好的语言学习者的原因可能是生理因素(他们大脑的可塑性和语言学习的本能更好)、环境因素(儿童能享有更好的语言学习环境和鼓励)、自身因素(儿童有很强的与他人交流和模仿同龄人的积极性，并且不害怕犯错误)。故选D。2.WhyisHenryKissingermentioned?A．Tostresshisgreatachievementinlanguage.B．Toproveadultshavedifficultyimprovingaccents.C．Toexplainlanguageisnotabarriertoone'ssuccess.D．Toshowtheimportanceofmasteringaforeignlanguage.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第三段中所举的基辛格的例子及“Adultsstrugglewithaccents”可知，此处主要是为了突出在语言学习中，成人在改善口音上有困难。由此可知，提及基辛格就是为了说明这一问题。故选B。3．WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph4probablymean?A．Adultsarebetteratlogicalthinkingthanchildren.B．Adultshelpalotwithchildren'slanguagelearning.C．Adultsarenotreallyatadisadvantagecomparedtochildren.D．Adultshavemoretroublelearninggrammarthanchildren.解析：选C句意理解题。根据第四段中的“withtheirgreaterreasoningpowers”和“whenadultsandchildrenareexposedtothesameteachingmaterialsforanewlanguageforseveralmonths,theadultsactuallydobetter”可知，成人的推理能力比儿童的好，同样的时间内学习同样的语法知识，成人的学习效果要比儿童的好。由此可知，画线句的意思是“与儿童相比，成人不一定就处于劣势”。故选C。4．WhichstatementmayMrHartshorneagreewith?A．Age14isaturningpointforforeignlanguagelearners.B．Adrop­offinlearningresultsappearsaftertheageof17.C．Thecriticalperiodisofvitalimportancein